Brooks et al., 1985, United States1212. Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS): persistent asthma syndrome after high-level irritant exposures. Chest. 1985;88(3):376-84. |
CS; n=10; Environmental/Occupational |
1 (Occup) |
34 |
1 F |
1 NI |
1 (obstruction) |
1 (positive) |
1 Chronic |
Boulet, 1988, Canada3636. Boulet LP. Increases in airway responsiveness following acute exposure to respiratory irritants. Chest. 1988;94(3):476-81. |
CS; n=5; Environmental/Occupational |
1 (Occup) |
69 |
1 M |
1 NI |
1 (obstruction) |
1 (positive) |
1 Chronic |
Donnelly and FitzGerald, 1990, Ireland3737. Donnelly SC, FitzGerald MX. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) due to chlorine gas exposure. I J Med Sci. 1990;159(9-12):275-7. |
CR; n=1; Occupational |
1 |
30 |
1 M |
1 NI |
1 (obstruction) |
1 (not done) |
1 Chronic |
Moore and Sherman, 1991, United States2323. Moore BB, Sherman M. Chronic reactive airway disease following acute chlorine gas exposure in an asymptomatic atopic patient. Chest. 1991;100(3):855-6. |
CR; n=1; Occupational |
1 |
25 |
1 M |
1 NI |
1 (obstruction) |
1 (not done) |
1 Chronic |
Salisbury et al., 1991, Canada4242. Salisbury DA, Enarson DA, Chan-Yeung M, Kennedy SM. First-aid reports of acute chlorine gassing among pulpmill workers as predictors of lung health consequences. Am J Ind Med. 1991;20(1):71-81. |
Cross-sect; n=174; Occupational |
37 |
37 NI |
37 M |
37 NI |
37 (obstruction) |
37 (NI) |
37 Chronic |
Deschamps et al., 1994, France2424. Deschamps D, Soler P, Rosenberg N, Baud F, Gervais P. Persistent asthma after inhalation of a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid. Chest. 1994;105(6):1895-6. |
CR; n=1; Environmental |
1 |
39 |
1 F |
1 NI |
Obstruction |
1 (positive) |
1 Chronic |
Gautrin et al., 1994, Canada3030. Gautrin D, Boulet LP, Boutet M, Dugas M, Bhérer L, L'Archevêque J, et al. Is reactive airways dysfunction syndrome a variant of occupational asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;93(1 Pt1):12-22. |
Cross-sect; n= 45; Occupational |
5 |
35;36;52; 56;56 |
5 M |
5 NI |
5 (obstruction) |
5 (positive) |
5 Chronic |
Meggs et al., 1996, United States3434. Meggs WJ, Elsheik T, Metzger WJ, Albernaz M, Bloch RM. Nasal pathology and ultrastructure in patients with chronic airway inflammation (RADS and RUDS) following an irritant exposure. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1996;34(4):383-96. |
CS; n=13; Occupational |
13 |
30-61 (mean 48) |
1 M; 12 F |
13 Cauc |
7 (obstruction); 6 (NI) |
7 (positive); 6 (NI) |
13 Chronic |
Schönhofer et al., 1996, Germany2525. Schönhofer B, Voshaar T, Köhler D. Long-term lung sequelae following accidental chlorine gas exposure. Respiration. 1996;63(3):155-9. |
CR; n=3; Occupational |
3 |
31;42;54 |
3 M |
3 NI |
3 (obstruction [2]; normal [1]) |
3 (positive) |
3 Chronic |
Lemière et al., 1997, Canada2626. Lemière C, Malo J-L, Boutet M. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome due to chlorine: sequential bronchial biopsies and functional assessment. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(1):241-4. |
CR; n=1; Occupational |
1 |
36 |
1 M |
1 NI |
1 (obstruction) |
1 (positive) |
1 Late resolution |
Williams, 1997, United States2727. Williams JG. Inhalation of chlorine gas. Postgrad Med J. 1997;73(865):697-700. |
CR; n=3; Occupational |
2 |
41;53 |
2 M |
2 NI |
1 (normal); 1 (NI) |
2 (NI) |
2 Chronic |
Chatkin et al., 1999, Canada2828. Chatkin JM, Tarlo SM, Liss G, Banks D, Broder I. The outcome of asthma related to workplace irritant exposures. Chest. 1999;116(6):1780-5. |
CS; n= 89; Occupational |
1 |
40 |
1 M |
1 NI |
1 (not done) |
1 (positive) |
1 Chronic |
Hickmann et al., 2001, United States88. Hickmann MA, Nelson ED, Siegel EG, Bernstein JA. Are high-dose toxic exposures always associated with reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS)? Arch Environ Health. 2001;56(5):439-42. |
CS; n=20; Occupational |
6 |
35;39;42; 47;52 |
5 M; 1 F |
4 Cauc; 2 Afrodesc |
6 (normal) |
6 (negative) |
6 Late resolution |
Gorguner et al., 2004, Turkey3232. Gorguner M, Aslan S, Inandi T, Cakir Z. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome in housewives duo to a bleach-hydrochloric acid mixture. Inhal Toxicol. 2004;16(2):87-91. |
CS; n=55; Environmental |
55 |
33 ± 11.3 |
55 F |
55 NI |
55 (not done) |
55 (not done) |
48 Rapid resolution; 1 death; 6 ND |
Solà et al., 2005, Spain3535. Solà RC, Galla XM, Huertasa BA, Martíneza ME, Martíneza RO. Síndrome de disfunción reactiva de las vías respiratorias: estudio de 18 casos: Med Clin. 2005;124(11):419-22. |
CR; n=18; Occupational |
5 |
35;36;40; 42;56 |
3 M; 2 F |
5 NI |
5 (obstruction) |
5 (not done) |
5 Chronic |
Malo et al., 2009, Canada3333. Malo JL, L'Archevêque J, Castellanos L, Lavoie K, Ghezzo H, Maghni K. Long-term outcomes of acute irritant-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(10):923-8. |
CS; n=35; Occupational |
20 |
20 NI |
20 M |
20 NI |
20 (obstruction) |
20 (positive) |
20 Chronic |
Mohan et al., 2010, India3939. Mohan A, Kumar SN, Rao MH, Bollineni S, Manohar IC. Acute accidental exposure to chlorine gas: clinical presentation, pulmonary functions and outcomes. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2010;52(3):149-52. |
CS; n=64; Environmental |
3 |
3 NI |
3 NI |
3 NI |
3 (altered) |
3 (not done) |
3 Late resolution |
Hannu et al., 2012, Finland3131. Hannu TJ, Riihimäki VE, Piirilä PL. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome from acute inhalation of dishwasher detergent powder. Can Resp J. 2012;19(3):e25-7. |
CR; n=1; Occupational |
1 |
43 |
1 M |
1 NI |
1 (obstruction) |
1 (positive) |
1 Chronic |
Patel et al., 2012, India2929. Patel RK, Patel PD, Patel NJ. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) after high level irritant exposures. Int Res J Pharm. 2012;3(8):254-6. |
CS; n=19; Occupational |
5 |
27;33;47; 50;52 |
5 M |
5 NI |
5 (obstruction) |
5 (NI) |
5 Chronic |
CDC, 2012, United States4040. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlorine gas release associated with employee language barrier - Arkansas, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(48):981-5. |
Cross-sect; n=545; Occupational |
6 |
6 NI |
6 NI |
6 Latino |
6 (NI) |
6 (3 positive; 3 borderline) |
3 Late resolution; 3 ND |
Chierakul et al., 2013, Thailand3838. Chierakul N, Rittayamai N, Passaranon P, Chamchod C, Suntiwuth B. Respiratory health effect of persons accidentally expose to high concentration of chlorine gas. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96(Suppl 2):S17-21. |
CS; n=21; Environmental |
1 |
1 NI |
1 NI |
1 NI |
1 (obstruction) |
1 (positive) |
1 ND |
Kim et al., 2014, South Korea4141. Kim JA, Yoon SY, Cho SY, Yu JH, Kim HS, Lim GI, Kim JS. Acute health effects of accidental chlorine gas exposure. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2014;26:29. |
CS; n=211; Environmental/Occupational |
1 (Envir) |
38 |
1 M |
1 Asian |
1 (normal) |
1 (negative) |
1 Late resolution |