Risk perception, psychological effects, and social support in health care workers with COVID-19 patients in Mexico

Juárez-García, Arturo; García Rivas, Javier; Arias Galicia, Luis Fernando; Merino Soto, César

doi:10.1590/2317-6369/15722en2024v49e7

Arturo Juárez-García

participated in all stages of the preparation of the manuscript

conception

drafting

analysis

data interpretation, and conclusion

take responsibility for all aspects of the work, ensuring that those related to the accuracy or completeness of any part of the paper were adequately investigated and resolved

Universidad Autónoma del Estado Morelos, Centro de Investigación Transdisciplinar en Psicología. Cuernavaca, México.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3264-679X

Javier García Rivas

participated in all stages of the preparation of the manuscript

conception

drafting

analysis

data interpretation, and conclusion

take responsibility for all aspects of the work, ensuring that those related to the accuracy or completeness of any part of the paper were adequately investigated and resolved

Universidad Autónoma del Estado Morelos, Centro de Investigación Transdisciplinar en Psicología. Cuernavaca, México.

Centro Interamericano de Estudios de Seguridad Social, Comisión Americana de Prevención de Riesgos en el Trabajo. Cidade do México, México.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-3169

Luis Fernando Arias Galicia

design

drafting

critical revision of the manuscript

take responsibility for all aspects of the work, ensuring that those related to the accuracy or completeness of any part of the paper were adequately investigated and resolved

Universidad Autónoma del Estado Morelos, Centro de Investigación Transdisciplinar en Psicología. Cuernavaca, México.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-3555

César Merino Soto

design

drafting

critical revision of the manuscript

take responsibility for all aspects of the work, ensuring that those related to the accuracy or completeness of any part of the paper were adequately investigated and resolved

Universidad San Martin de Porres, Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación Turismo y Psicología, Instituto de Investigación en Psicología. Lima, Peru.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8306

Contact: Javier García Rivas E-mail: jgarciar@uci.edu

Competing interests:

the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Editor-in-chief:

Ada Ávila Assunção

Study variable	M	SD	Sk	Ku	K-S	Missing
Risk perception
Dimensional scale of risk perception (EDPR) (Scale 1 to 5)
1.1. To what extent are you aware of the risk associated with SARS-CoV-2 (knowledge of the harm it causes, possibility of experiencing it, etc.)?	4.25	0.80	-1.20	2.11	0.25***	-
1.2. To what extent do you consider that the managers or leaders of the institution where you work are aware of the risk associated with SARS-CoV-2?	3.84	1.14	-0.77	-0.21	0.21***	-
1.3. To what extent do you consider that your coworkers are aware of the risk associated with SARS-CoV-2?	3.81	1.01	-0.56	-0.22	0.20***	-
1.4. To what degree are you afraid of SARS-CoV-2?	3.94	1.16	-0.88	-0.17	0.24***	-
1.5. What do you consider to be the possibility that you personally could be infected by SARS-CoV-2?	3.80	1.08	-0.59	-0.30	0.19***	-
1.6. If a risk situation occurs and you become infected, what do you think would be the severity of the harm that SARS-CoV-2 could cause you?	3.34	1.17	-0.20	-0.66	0.19***	-
1.7.To what degree do you consider that you can avoid a situation of personal risk due to SARS-CoV-2?	3.28	1.02	-0.34	-0.15	0.20***	-
1.8. If you become infected, to what extent do you think you can intervene to control (or reduce) the harm that SARS-CoV-2 may cause you?	3.30	1.04	-0.33	-0.16	0.20***	-
1.9. What do you consider to be the degree of damage that SARS-CoV-2 can cause to a large group of people?	4.41	0.81	-1.32	1.11	0.34***	-
1.10. If exposed to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, when do you experience the most harmful consequences of this source of risk?	2.97	1.07	0.04	-0.40	0.20***	-
1.11.- How do you rate the risk of serious harm (including death) from SARS-CoV-2 (note that 0 represents very low to no risk and 10 represents very high to extreme risk) (Scale 0 to 10)?	8.02	2.09	-1.18	0.94	0.18***	-
Perceived level of risk by source of contact (Scale 0 to 10)
2.1. Contact with infected patients	5.11	3.72	0.07	-1.62	0.18***	3
2.2. Contact with coworkers who may be unknowingly infected	5.70	3.51	-0.11	-1.60	0.18***	1
2.3. Contact with infected blood, tissues, and body fluids	4.21	3.91	0.39	-1.49	0.21***	1
2.4. Contact with contaminated materials, surfaces, and environments	5.48	3.58	-0.01	-1.61	0.17***	4
2.5. Medical equipment and personal protective equipment that is inadequate or of poor quality	5.29	3.70	0.07	-1.65	0.19***	3
2.6. Medical equipment or material in general that has not been properly sterilized	4.44	3.73	0.36	-1.47	0.20***	2
2.7. Contact with the bodies of individuals who have died from COVID-19	3.11	3.92	0.91	-0.90	0.25***	3
Psychological effects (Scale 0 to 6)
Burnout	2.86	1.40	0.85	0.03	0.12***	-
Engagement	5.10	1.64	-0.84	-0.31	0.15***	-
Somatic symptoms	2.33	1.28	1.22	1.01	0.14***	-
Symptoms of mental disorder	2.30	1.30	1.32	1.23	0.15***	-
Reality dissociation symptoms	1.58	1.07	2.72	7.92	0.30***	-
Vitality	4.48	1.71	-0.25	-1.06	0.10***	-
Social support
Social support (scale from 1 to 5)	3.56	0.80	-0.46	0.19	0.11***	-

	Burnout	Work engagement	Somatic symptoms	Symptoms of mental disturbance	Symptoms of dissociation from reality	Vitality	Social support
1.1.You are aware of the risk posed by SARS-CoV-2	0.104	0.059	-0.027	0.085	0.106	0.030	0.023
1.2. Leaders are aware of the risk posed by SARS-CoV-2	-0.126^*	0.200^**	-0.204^**	-0.125^*	-0.200^**	0.199^**	0.041
1.3. Peers are aware of the risk posed by SARS-CoV-2	0.033	0.054	-0.005	0.065	-0.111	0.069	0.055
1.4. Fear of SARS-CoV-2	0.272^**	-0.183^**	0.363^**	0.363^**	0.060	-0.141^*	-0.177^**
1.5. Possibility of SARS-CoV-2 contagion.	0.286^**	-0.257^**	0.343^**	0.310^**	0.075	-0.121^*	-0.167^**
1.6. Severity of damage by SARS-CoV-2	0.144^*	-0.134^*	0.185^**	0.205^**	0.165^**	-0.237^**	-0.211^**
1.7. Extent to which the risk can be avoided	-0.128^*	0.112	-0.106	-0.074	-0.072	0.050	0.016
1.8. Extent to which it is possible to intervene or control	-0.123^*	0.179^**	-0.097	-0.130^*	0.003	0.060	0.104
1.9. Degree of damage that can be caused by SARS-CoV-2	0.204^**	-0.016	0.152^*	0.117	0.003	-0.041	-0.174^**
1.10. Time to experience the consequences	-0.056	-0.059	0.029	-0.086	0.124^*	-0.089	0.059
1.11. Assessment of the overall risk of damage	0.071	-0.035	0.160^**	0.126^*	0.031	-0.029	-0.108
2.1. Contact with infected patients	0.201^**	-0.022	0.219^**	0.147^*	0.000	0.066	-0.075
2.2. Contact with colleagues	0.170^**	0.048	0.219^**	0.155^*	0.018	0.130^*	-0.094
2.3. Contact with blood or fluids	0.166^**	-0.026	0.168^**	0.112	-0.031	0.037	-0.046
2.4. Contact with materials, surfaces, and environment	0.208^**	0.020	0.210^**	0.150^*	0.058	0.084	-0.090
2.5. Inadequate or insufficient equipment or PPE	0.211^**	-0.014	0.183^**	0.152^*	0.026	0.082	-0.070
2.6. Medical equipment or material not properly sterilized	0.198^**	-0.012	0.155^*	0.106	0.056	0.041	-0.123^*
2.7. Contact with bodies of persons who died from COVID-19	0.189^**	-0.114	0.108	0.072	0.053	-0.039	0.021
SOCIAL SUPPORT	-0.223**	0.256**	-0.275**	-0.333**	-0.303**	0.253**

Analyzed items		Factor 1 (contact sources of risk)	Factor 2 (perceived risk)	Factor 3 (risk awareness)	Factor 4 (risk control)	h ²
1.1. You are aware of the risk posed by SARS-CoV-2		-0.06	0.07	0.62	0.17	0.59
1.2. Leaders are aware of the risk posed by SARS-CoV-2		-0.02	0.02	0.70	0.07	0.50
1.3. Peers are aware of the risk posed by SARS-CoV-2		0.03	0.10	0.72	-0.02	0.48
1.4. Fear of SARS-CoV-2		-0.07	0.66	0.13	-0.21	0.57
1.5. Possibility of SARS-CoV-2 contagion		0.11	0.44	0.00	-0.18	0.75
1.6. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 damage		-0.12	0.52	-0.04	-0.02	0.75
1.7. Extent to which the risk can be avoided		-0.06	-0.08	0.10	0.28	0.90
1.8. Extent to which it is possible to intervene or control		0.07	-0.00	0.04	0.42	0.82
1.9. Degree of damage that SARS-CoV-2 can cause		0.05	0.55	0.06	0.18	0.63
1.10. Time of experience of the consequences		-0.04	0.10	-0.14	0.16	0.94
1.11. Assessment of the overall risk of damage		0.12	0.55	0.07	0.20	0.58
2.1. Contact with infected patient		0.88	-0.01	0.01	-0.12	0.19
2.2. Contact with colleagues		0.84	0.04	0.05	-0.04	0.27
2.3. Contact with blood or fluids		0.84	-0.03	0.01	-0.03	0.30
2.4. Contact with materials, surfaces, and environment		0.91	-0.02	0.04	-0.06	0.16
2.5. Inadequate or insufficient equipment or PPE		0.90	-0.04	-0.04	0.04	0.20
2.6. Medical equipment or material not properly sterilized		0.90	-0.01	-0.08	0.34	0.13
2.7. Contact with bodies of individuals who died from COVID-19		0.70	-0.01	-0.04	0.01	0.51
Mean (SD)		4.77 (3.22)	3.90 (0.68)	3.97 (0.79)	3.28 (1.03)	N/A
Confiabilidad	Ômega (ω)	0.95	0.67	0.73	N/A	N/A
	(95%CI)	(0.93-0.95)	(0.61-0.73)	(0.67-0.78)	N/A	N/A
	Alfa (α)	0.95	0.67	0.71	N/A	N/A
	(95%CI)	(0.93-0.95)	(0.60-0.73)	(0.65-0.77)	N/A	N/A
Correlations between factors	Factor 1	1.00	0.31	-0.01	-0.11	N/A
	Factor 2	0.31	1.00	-0.07	0.10	N/A
	Factor 3	-0.01	-0.07	1.00	0.01	N/A
	Factor 4	-0.11	0.10	0.01	1.00	N/A

Psycological Effect	Predictor in the model	b	σ	β	t	Sig.	95%CI		r_p	Tole-rance	VIF	F	R²	Durbin-Watson
Psycological Effect	Predictor in the model	b	σ	β	t	Sig.	Inf	Sup	r_p	Tole-rance	VIF	F	R²	Durbin-Watson
Job Burnout	(Constant)	2.864	0.080		35.823	0.000	2.706	3.021				14.85^***	0.14	1.84
	Perceived Risk (PR)	0.462	0.124	0.227	3.730	0.000	0.218	0.705	0.310	0.880	1.136
	Social Support (SS)	-0.495	0.171	-0.171	-2.888	0.004	-0.832	-0.157	-0.241	0.936	1.068
	Contact with Sources of Risk (CSR)	0.066	0.026	0.153	2.580	0.010	0.016	0.117	0.225	0.934	1.071
Work Engagement	(Constant)	5.102	0.095		53.803	0.000	4.915	5.289				9.56^***	0.12	2.04
	Social Support (SS)	0.605	0.204	0.178	2.961	0.003	0.203	1.008	0.234	0.925	1.081
	Contact with Sources of Risk (CSR)	0.399	0.121	0.192	3.299	0.001	0.161	0.637	0.199	0.988	1.012
	Perceived Risk (PR)	-0.358	0.143	-0.151	-2.505	0.013	-0.640	-0.077	-0.178	0.928	1.078
	Risk control (RCL)	0.214	0.092	0.135	2.318	0.021	0.032	0.396	0.160	0.983	1.017
Somatic Symptoms	(Constant)	2.279	0.073		31.353	0.000	2.136	2.422				24.11^***	0.21	1.95
	Perceived Risk (PR)	0.626	0.107	0.336	5.859	0.000	0.416	0.837	0.372	0.912	1.096
	Social Support (SS)	-0.547	0.155	-0.205	-3.529	0.000	-0.852	-0.242	-0.322	0.885	1.129
	PR X SS	-0.615	0.220	-0.158	-2.789	0.006	-1.049	-0.181	-0.165	0.936	1.068
Mental Disturbance Symptomatology	(Constant)	2.237	0.073		30.711	0.000	2.094	2.381				24.98^***	0.22	1.92
	Perceived Risk (PR)	0.604	0.107	0.322	5.635	0.000	0.393	0.815	0.360	0.912	1.096
	Social Support (SS)	-0.590	0.155	-0.220	-3.798	0.000	-0.896	-0.284	-0.336	0.885	1.129
	PR X SS	-0.687	0.221	-0.175	-3.111	0.002	-1.122	-0.252	-0.187	0.936	1.068
Dissociation from Reality	(Constant)	1.535	0.062		24.688	0.000	1.413	1.657				12.87^***	0.16	1.99
	Social Support (SS)	-0.539	0.128	-0.246	-4.229	0.000	-0.791	-0.288	-0.306	0.949	1.054
	CRS X SS	-0.097	0.039	-0.152	-2.479	0.014	-0.175	-0.020	-0.232	0.854	1.171
	RCL X SS	-0.289	0.117	-0.141	-2.462	0.014	-0.519	-0.058	-0.175	0.985	1.016
	PR X SS	-0.403	0.199	-0.126	-2.023	0.044	-0.795	-0.011	-0.242	0.833	1.201
Vitality	(Constant)	4.457	0.099		45.174	0.000	4.262	4.651				8.53^***	0.14	1.97
	Social Support (SS)	0.698	0.212	.197	3.295	0.001	0.281	1.115	0.246	0.926	1.079
	RCL X SS	0.474	0.194	.143	2.441	0.015	0.092	0.857	0.181	0.965	1.037
	Risk Awareness (RA)	0.320	0.126	.148	2.528	0.012	0.071	0.569	0.163	0.971	1.030
	Perceived Risk (PR)	-0.419	0.153	-.169	-2.742	0.007	-0.719	-0.118	-0.174	0.875	1.143
	Contact with Sources of Risk (CSR)	0.084	0.032	.158	2.645	0.009	0.021	0.146	0.087	0.931	1.075

[1] Contact: Javier García Rivas E-mail: jgarciar@uci.edu

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Risk perception, psychological effects, and social support in health care workers with COVID-19 patients in Mexico

Abstract

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion: