Palm kernel meal as additive in the elephant-grass silage

Santos, Ivan Alberto Palheta; Domingues, Felipe Nogueira; Rêgo, Aníbal Coutinho do; Souza, Natália Sidrim da Silva de; Bernardes, Thiago Fernandes; Barata, Zuleide Rafaela Pimentel; Moraes, Carina Martins de

Abstracts

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding palm kernel meal (BP) as an additive in elephant grass silage. The chemical qualitative and fermentation were analysed in a completely randomized design with six treatments, one with no BP (C) and six replications, where the averages of the results of days of closing and opening were analysed by regression analysis. We collected samples at the time of ensiling and after 190 days of storage for evaluation of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrates (total, non-fibrous, water-soluble, cellulose and hemicellulose), ash, lignin and ether extract. In aerobic phase, we collected samples for pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, fungi and yeasts. The elephant grass of this experiment showed values of 13.9% DM and 8.25% CP while the BP has 77.2% DM and 16.9% CP. The inclusion of BP had inhibited the growth of fungi and yeasts. The increase in the content of BP decreased the concentration of NH3-N. Higher concentrations of BP in silage were more stable, and the stability breaks in 72 hours, while the stability of C was 19 hours. Concentrations above 15% BP had no significant variations in pH in the aerobic phase. The inclusion of palm kernel meal at concentrations 10% to 15% can be used in silage of elephant grass, inhibiting undesired fermentation and making them more stable. Concentrations above this value may affect the nutritive value of silage by high lignin content of the additive.

aerobic stability; Elaeis guineensis; fermentation; Pennisetum purpureum

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de farelo de dendê (BP) como aditivo na silagem de capim-elefante. A composição química e fermentação foram analisadas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, sendo um sem BP (C) e seis repetições, em que as médias dos resultados dos dias de fechamento e abertura foram analisadas por análise de regressão. As amostras foram coletadas no momento da ensilagem e após 190 dias de armazenamento para avaliação da matéria seca, proteína bruta, carboidratos (total, não fibrosos, solúvel em água, celulose e hemicelulose), cinzas, lignina e extrato etéreo. Na fase aeróbia, foram coletadas amostras para pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, fungos e leveduras. O capim-elefante do experimento apresentou valores de 13,9% de MS e 8,25% de PB, enquanto a BP tem 77,2% de MS e 16,9% de PB. A inclusão de BP inibiu o crescimento de fungos e leveduras. O aumento do teor de BP diminuiu a concentração de NH3-N. Maiores concentrações de BP tornaram as silagens mais estáveis, tendo sua quebra em 72 horas, enquanto que a estabilidade de C foi de 19 horas. As silagens com concentrações superiores a 15% BP não apresentaram variações significativas no pH, na fase aeróbica. A inclusão de farelo de palma, em concentrações de 10% a 15% pode ser usado em silagem de elefante, inibindo fermentação indesejável e tornando-as mais estáveis. Concentrações acima deste valor podem afetar o valor nutritivo da silagem pelo alto teor de lignina do aditivo.

estabilidade aeróbia; Elaeis guineensis; fermentação; Pennisetum purpureum

References

ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS - AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis 16. ed. Washington DC, 1995.
BARNETT, A.J.G. Silage fermentation London: Butterworths Sci. Publ., 1954.
BATISTA, A.M.V.; GUIM, A.; SOUZA, I.S.; LIRA, K.G.; SANTOS, M.V.F. dos. DUBEX JUNIOR, J. C. B. Efeitos da adição de vagens de algaroba sobre a composição química e a microbiota fúngica de silagens de capim-elefante. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.1, p.1-6, 2006.
BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº62 Brasília, 2003.
DISCHE, Z. General color reactions. In: WHISTLER, R.L.; WOLFRAM, M.L. ed. Carbohydrate chemistry New York, Academic Press, 1962. p.477-512.
EMBRAPA. Zoneamento agroecológico do dendezeiro para as áreas desmatadas da Amazônia Legal Relatório Síntese. Rio de Janeiro, 2010. 44p.
JOBIM, C.C., NUSSIO, L.G., REIS, R.A., SCHMIDT, P Avanços metodológicos na avaliação da qualidade da forragem conservada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, p.101-119, 2007. Suplemento especial.
JONES, D.I.H.; JONES, R. The effect of crop characteristics and ensiling methodology on grass silage effluent production. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, v.60, n.1, p.73-81, 1995.
KUNG JUNIOR, L.; GRIEVE, D.B.; THOMAS, J.W.; HUBER, J.T. Added ammonia or microbial inoculant for fermentation and nitrogenous compounds of alfalfa ensiled at various percents of dry matter. Journal of Dairy Science, v.67, p.299-306, 1984.
LICITRA, G.; HERNANDEZ, T.M.; VAN SOEST, P.J. Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds.Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.57, n.4, p.347-358, 1996.
McDONALD, P. The biochemistry of silage New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981. 207p.
McDONALD, P.; HENDERSON, A.R.; HERON, S.J.E. The biochemistry of silage New York: Chalcombe Publications, 1991.
PAHLOW, G.; MUCK, R.E.; DRIEHUIS, F.; OUDE ELFERINK, S.J.W.H.; SPOELSTRA, S. F. Microbiology of ensiling. In: BUXTON, D. R.; MUCK, R. E.; HARRISON, J.H. (Ed.). Silage science and technology. Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America. 2003. p.31-94.
SIQUEIRA, G.R.; REIS, R.A.; SCHOCKEN-ITURRINO, R. P., PIRES, A.J.V., BERNARDES, T.F., AMARAL, R.C. Perdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, p.2000-2009, 2007.
SNIFFEN, C.J.; O'CONNOR, J.D.; VAN SOEST, P.J. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II- Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v.70, p.3562-3577, 1992.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM - SAS. The SAS System for Windows: version 8.02. Cary: SAS Institute, 2001.
STEEL, R.G.D.; TORRIE, J.H.; DICKEY, D.A. Principles and procedures of statistcs a biometrical approach 3. ed. Boston: WCB McGraw-Hill, 1997. 666 p.
TABACCO, E.; PIANO, S.; CAVALLARIN, L.; BERNARDES, T.F.; BORREANI, G. Clostridia spore formation during aerobic deterioration of maize and sorghum silage as influenced by Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum inoculants. Journal of Applied Microbiology, v.107, p.1632-1641, 2009.
VAN SOEST, P.J.; ROBERTSON, J.B.; LEWIS, B.A. Symposium: carbohydrate metodology, metabolism, and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. Journal Dairy Science, v.74, n.10, p.3583-3597, 1991.
VAN SOEST, P.J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant 2.ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. 476p.
WADI A; ISHII, Y; IDOTA, S. Effects of cutting interval and cutting height on dry matter yield and overwintering ability at the estabilished year in Penisetum species. Plants Production Science, v.7, p.88-86, 2004.
WHITTENBURY, R; McDONALD, P; BRYAN-JONES, D.J. A short review of some biochemical and microbiological aspects of silage. Journal Science Food and Agricultural, v.18, n.4, p.441-444, 1967.
WINTERS, A.L.; WHITTAKER, P.A.; WILSON, R.K. Microscopic and chemical changes during the first 22 days in Italian ryegrass and cocksfoot silages made in laboratory silos. Grass and Forage Science, v.42, p.191-196, 1987.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
03 Nov 2014
Date of issue
Sept 2014

History

Accepted
19 Sept 2014
Received
24 Nov 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS - AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis 16. ed. Washington DC, 1995.

[2] BARNETT, A.J.G. Silage fermentation London: Butterworths Sci. Publ., 1954.

[3] BATISTA, A.M.V.; GUIM, A.; SOUZA, I.S.; LIRA, K.G.; SANTOS, M.V.F. dos. DUBEX JUNIOR, J. C. B. Efeitos da adição de vagens de algaroba sobre a composição química e a microbiota fúngica de silagens de capim-elefante. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.1, p.1-6, 2006.

[4] BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº62 Brasília, 2003.

[5] DISCHE, Z. General color reactions. In: WHISTLER, R.L.; WOLFRAM, M.L. ed. Carbohydrate chemistry New York, Academic Press, 1962. p.477-512.

[6] EMBRAPA. Zoneamento agroecológico do dendezeiro para as áreas desmatadas da Amazônia Legal Relatório Síntese. Rio de Janeiro, 2010. 44p.

[7] JOBIM, C.C., NUSSIO, L.G., REIS, R.A., SCHMIDT, P Avanços metodológicos na avaliação da qualidade da forragem conservada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, p.101-119, 2007. Suplemento especial.

[8] JONES, D.I.H.; JONES, R. The effect of crop characteristics and ensiling methodology on grass silage effluent production. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, v.60, n.1, p.73-81, 1995.

[9] KUNG JUNIOR, L.; GRIEVE, D.B.; THOMAS, J.W.; HUBER, J.T. Added ammonia or microbial inoculant for fermentation and nitrogenous compounds of alfalfa ensiled at various percents of dry matter. Journal of Dairy Science, v.67, p.299-306, 1984.

[10] LICITRA, G.; HERNANDEZ, T.M.; VAN SOEST, P.J. Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds.Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.57, n.4, p.347-358, 1996.

[11] McDONALD, P. The biochemistry of silage New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981. 207p.

[12] McDONALD, P.; HENDERSON, A.R.; HERON, S.J.E. The biochemistry of silage New York: Chalcombe Publications, 1991.

[13] PAHLOW, G.; MUCK, R.E.; DRIEHUIS, F.; OUDE ELFERINK, S.J.W.H.; SPOELSTRA, S. F. Microbiology of ensiling. In: BUXTON, D. R.; MUCK, R. E.; HARRISON, J.H. (Ed.). Silage science and technology. Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America. 2003. p.31-94.

[14] SIQUEIRA, G.R.; REIS, R.A.; SCHOCKEN-ITURRINO, R. P., PIRES, A.J.V., BERNARDES, T.F., AMARAL, R.C. Perdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, p.2000-2009, 2007.

[15] SNIFFEN, C.J.; O'CONNOR, J.D.; VAN SOEST, P.J. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II- Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v.70, p.3562-3577, 1992.

[16] STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM - SAS. The SAS System for Windows: version 8.02. Cary: SAS Institute, 2001.

[17] STEEL, R.G.D.; TORRIE, J.H.; DICKEY, D.A. Principles and procedures of statistcs a biometrical approach 3. ed. Boston: WCB McGraw-Hill, 1997. 666 p.

[18] TABACCO, E.; PIANO, S.; CAVALLARIN, L.; BERNARDES, T.F.; BORREANI, G. Clostridia spore formation during aerobic deterioration of maize and sorghum silage as influenced by Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum inoculants. Journal of Applied Microbiology, v.107, p.1632-1641, 2009.

[19] VAN SOEST, P.J.; ROBERTSON, J.B.; LEWIS, B.A. Symposium: carbohydrate metodology, metabolism, and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. Journal Dairy Science, v.74, n.10, p.3583-3597, 1991.

[20] VAN SOEST, P.J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant 2.ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. 476p.

[21] WADI A; ISHII, Y; IDOTA, S. Effects of cutting interval and cutting height on dry matter yield and overwintering ability at the estabilished year in Penisetum species. Plants Production Science, v.7, p.88-86, 2004.

[22] WHITTENBURY, R; McDONALD, P; BRYAN-JONES, D.J. A short review of some biochemical and microbiological aspects of silage. Journal Science Food and Agricultural, v.18, n.4, p.441-444, 1967.

[23] WINTERS, A.L.; WHITTAKER, P.A.; WILSON, R.K. Microscopic and chemical changes during the first 22 days in Italian ryegrass and cocksfoot silages made in laboratory silos. Grass and Forage Science, v.42, p.191-196, 1987.

Palm kernel meal as additive in the elephant-grass silage

Farelo de dendê como aditivo em silagens de capim elefante

Abstracts

References

Publication Dates

History