Meaning and Purpose in life |
The sense and meaning attributed to the nature of the being and existence itself (Steger, Frazier, Oisho, & Kaler, 2006Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oisho, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.8...
); Objectives and intentions that give a sense of guidance and contribute to giving meaning to life. |
Kirillova, Lehto, & Cai, 2017Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2017). What triggers transformative tourism experiences? Tourism Recreation Research, 42(4), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.1342349
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.13...
, Huta, 2016Huta, V. (2016). Eudaimonic and hedonic orientations: Theoretical considerations and research findings. In VittersØ, J. (Ed.). Handbook of eudaimonic well-being. Switzerland: Springer. 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_15
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-...
, Frankl, 2016Frankl, V. E. (2016). Em busca de sentido. 39.Petrópolis: Vozes., Waterman et al., 2010Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208
https://doi.org/10.1080/1743976090343520...
, Seligman, 2011Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Florescer; uma nova compreensão sobre a natureza da felicidade e do bem-estar. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva., Ryff & Singer, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 2003, Steger et al., 2006Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oisho, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.8...
, Huta & Ryan, 2010, Ryan & Deci, 2001, Erikson, 1972Erikson, E. H. (1972). Identidade, juventude e crise. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar., Ryff, 1989, Jahoda, 1958Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of mental health. New York: Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/11258-000
https://doi.org/10.1037/11258-000...
|
Self-Development and Personal Growth |
Perception that, over time, the person developed as someone with their own personality and characteristics and evolved as a human being; desire, willingness and disposition to continue developing with the realization of the best potentials and abilities, acquisition of knowledge and skills, and the conviction that one is always in a continuous process of improvement; courage to face and overcome adversities and trials of life from the inner strength. |
Huta, 2016Huta, V. (2016). Eudaimonic and hedonic orientations: Theoretical considerations and research findings. In VittersØ, J. (Ed.). Handbook of eudaimonic well-being. Switzerland: Springer. 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_15
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-...
, Waterman et al., 2010Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208
https://doi.org/10.1080/1743976090343520...
, Rogers, 2009Rogers, C. (2009). Tornar-se pessoa. 6. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes., Ryff & Singer, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 1996, Ryff, 1989 |
Dimension |
Definition |
Theoretical sources |
Self-Awareness and Self-Acceptance |
Willingness to know oneself, recognizing the positive and negative characteristics, with impartiality and resignation; Consciousness of the positive and negative aspects of oneself, but with a positive attitude towards them, recognizing one's limitations and orienting oneself towards overcoming characteristics that are changeable and that have not proved effective in facing the challenges of life (Ryff & Keyes, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 1995). |
Schlegel, Hicks, & Christy, 2016Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., & Christy, A. G. (2016). The eudaimonics of the true self. In VittersØ, J. (Ed.). Handbook of eudaimonic well-being. Switzerland: Springer. 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_14
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-...
, Matteucci & Filep, 2015Matteucci, X., & Filep, S. (2015). Eudaimonic tourist experiences: The case of flamenco. Leisure Studies, 36, 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1085590
https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.10...
, Waterman et al., 2010Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208
https://doi.org/10.1080/1743976090343520...
, Rogers, 2009Rogers, C. (2009). Tornar-se pessoa. 6. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes., Ryff & Singer, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 1996, Kernis & Goldman, 2006Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 283-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38...
, Waterman, 2007; 2004, 1984 |
Self-expressiveness |
Intense involvement in activities that make full use of the best skills and talents and are the exact translation of who the person is; personally meaningful activities that are accompanied by feelings of self-realization and great experience that give meaning and direction to life. |
Waterman et al., 2010Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208
https://doi.org/10.1080/1743976090343520...
, Waterman, 2008, 2004, 1993, 1992, 1990 |
Belonging |
Sense of belonging to a community or group of people with whom the same experience or situation is shared; relationships devoid of status that come from social roles and hierarchy; feeling of equality and “connection”. |
Kirillova, Lehto, & Cai, 2017Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2017). What triggers transformative tourism experiences? Tourism Recreation Research, 42(4), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.1342349
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.13...
, Wang, 1999Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00...
, Arnould & Price, 1993Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L. (1993). River Magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 24-45. https://doi.org/10.1086/209331
https://doi.org/10.1086/209331...
|
Intimacy and Relationship |
Having harmonious and trusting relationship with other people; sincerity and openness to people close to you and concern with your well-being and happiness; reciprocity and empathy; give and receive love, affection, tenderness, warmth, and support. |
Kirillova, Lehto, & Cai, 2017Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2017). What triggers transformative tourism experiences? Tourism Recreation Research, 42(4), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.1342349
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.13...
, Ryff & Singer, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 2003, 1996, Kernis & Goldman, 2006Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 283-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38...
, Kottler, 2002Kottler, J. A. (2002). Transformative travel: International counselling in action. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 24(4), 207-210. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260...
, 1998, Wang, 1999Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00...
, Erikson, 1972Erikson, E. H. (1972). Identidade, juventude e crise. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
|
Authenticity and Spontaneity |
Being who you truly are; to act according to your true self and in accordance with your own values, needs and convictions; present yourself in a way that reflects your own essence and relates honestly and truthfully with other people. |
Kirillova, Lehto, & Cai, 2017Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2017). What triggers transformative tourism experiences? Tourism Recreation Research, 42(4), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.1342349
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2017.13...
, Canavan, 2017Canavan, B. (2017). An existentialist exploration of tourism sustainability: Backpackers fleeing and finding themselves. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(4), 551-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1361430
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.13...
, Kirillova, Lehto, & Cai, 2016b, Huta, 2016Huta, V. (2016). Eudaimonic and hedonic orientations: Theoretical considerations and research findings. In VittersØ, J. (Ed.). Handbook of eudaimonic well-being. Switzerland: Springer. 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_15
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-...
, Kirillova & Lehto, 2015, Xue, Manuel-Navarrete, & Buzinde, 2014Xue, L., Manuel-Navarrete, D., & Buzinde, C. N. (2014). Theorizing the concept of alienation in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 186-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.10.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.10...
, Brown, 2013Brown, L. (2013). Tourism: A catalyst for existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.08.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.08...
, Rickly-Boyd, 2012Rickly-Boyd, J. (2012). Lifestyle climbing: Towards existential authenticity. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 17(2), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2012.729898
https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2012.72...
, Kim & Jamal, 2007Kim, H., & Jamal, T. (2007). Tourist quest for existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 34, 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.07...
, Seligman, 2011Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Florescer; uma nova compreensão sobre a natureza da felicidade e do bem-estar. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva., Wood, Linley, Maltby, Baliousis, & Joseph, 2008Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The Authentic Personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.3...
, Kernis & Goldman, 2006Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 283-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38...
, Peterson & Seligman, 2004Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press., Wang, 1999Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00...
|
Autonomy |
Capability to think and act independently, to have ideas and convictions of your own, even if they go against accepted “dogma” or popular wisdom (Hidalgo, Bravo, Martínez, Pretel, Postigo, & Rabadán, 2010Hidalgo, J. L-T., Bravo, B. N., Martínez, I. P., Pretel, F. A., Postigo, J. M. L., & Rabadán, F. E. (2010). Psychological well-being, assessment tools and related factors. In Wells, I. E. (Ed.). Psychological well-being. New York: Nova Science Publishers. 77-113.). |
Ryan & Deci, 2017Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory; Basic psychological needs in motivation, development and wellness. New York: The Guilford Press., 2000, Ryan, Deci, Grolnick, & La Guardia, 2006, Ryff & Singer, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 2003, Erikson, 1972Erikson, E. H. (1972). Identidade, juventude e crise. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar., Ryff, 1989, Jahoda, 1958Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of mental health. New York: Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/11258-000
https://doi.org/10.1037/11258-000...
|
Competence |
The feeling that one can accomplish some activity or enterprise. |
Ryan & Deci, 2017Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory; Basic psychological needs in motivation, development and wellness. New York: The Guilford Press., Ryan et al., 2006, Peterson & Seligman, 2004Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press., Erikson, 1972Erikson, E. H. (1972). Identidade, juventude e crise. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
|
Excellence |
Extra effort to achieve high standards of performance, behavior, and ethics. |
Huta, 2016Huta, V. (2016). Eudaimonic and hedonic orientations: Theoretical considerations and research findings. In VittersØ, J. (Ed.). Handbook of eudaimonic well-being. Switzerland: Springer. 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_15
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-...
, Huta & Ryan, 2010, Waterman et al., 2010Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208
https://doi.org/10.1080/1743976090343520...
, Peterson & Seligman, 2004Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
|
Empathy |
Capability to put yourself in someone else's shoes, trying to understand their perspective of the situation. |
Bestrom, 2009Bestrom, E. (2009). Moving beyond borders: the creation of nomadic space through travel. Intersections, 10(1), 199-217., Ryff & Singer, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 2003, 1996, Kottler, 2002Kottler, J. A. (2002). Transformative travel: International counselling in action. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 24(4), 207-210. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260...
, 1998, Ryff, 1989 |
Dimension |
Definition |
Theoretical sources |
Tolerance |
Capability to accept differences; to live with people who have ideas, beliefs, ways of life and values that are different from those of person. |
Bestrom, 2009Bestrom, E. (2009). Moving beyond borders: the creation of nomadic space through travel. Intersections, 10(1), 199-217., Kottler, 2002Kottler, J. A. (2002). Transformative travel: International counselling in action. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 24(4), 207-210. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260...
, 1998 |
Broadened perspective |
A developed sense of perception that considers different points of view and understandings about the same phenomenon, providing a more lucid understanding about the facts of life. |
Bestrom, 2009Bestrom, E. (2009). Moving beyond borders: the creation of nomadic space through travel. Intersections, 10(1), 199-217., Peterson & Seligman, 2004Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press., Roberson, 1999, Kottler, 2002Kottler, J. A. (2002). Transformative travel: International counselling in action. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 24(4), 207-210. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023364628260...
, 1998, Maslow, 1959Maslow, A. (1959). Cognition of being in the peak experiences. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 94, 43-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1959.10532434
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1959.10...
|
Benevolence |
Capability to offer help, care, and generosity in a spontaneous and disinterested way; to have compassion and selfless love. |
Ryan & Martela, 2016Ryan, R. M., & Martela, F. (2016). Eudaimonia as a way of living: Connecting Aristotle with Self-Determination Theory. In VittersØ, J. (Ed.). Handbook of eudaimonic well-being. Switzerland: Springer. 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_7
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-...
, Seligman, 2011Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Florescer; uma nova compreensão sobre a natureza da felicidade e do bem-estar. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva., Peterson & Seligman, 2004Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
|
Opening to the new |
Willingness to new experiences; open minded to new ideas, ways of life and possibilities. |
Seligman, 2011Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Florescer; uma nova compreensão sobre a natureza da felicidade e do bem-estar. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva., Rogers, 2009Rogers, C. (2009). Tornar-se pessoa. 6. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes., Ryff & Singer, 2008Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-...
, 1996, Peterson e Seligman, 2004Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
|