Sampling |
Probability |
All elements of the population have equally, the same odds to be selected to compose the sample (Guimarães, 2012Guimarães, P. R. B. (2012). Quantitative statistical methods. (1st ed. rev.) IESDE.). |
non-probability |
The elements are selected arbitrarily and without the knowledge of the entire population (Guimarães, 2012Guimarães, P. R. B. (2012). Quantitative statistical methods. (1st ed. rev.) IESDE.). |
Types of sampling |
Simple random |
Each element is selected at random, with an equal chance of being selected (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
Stratified |
In this type of probability sampling, the population is divided into strata, mutually exclusive, and in each of these strata a random sampling is performed (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
By conglomerate |
The population is divided into heterogeneous subgroups within groups and homogeneous between them. Random sampling of some subgroups is performed (unlike the stratified one, elements for study are not selected, but subgroups) (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
Systematic |
Probability sampling, which starts by determining an element ranging from 1 to k and each kth element of the population is sampled (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
Snowball |
Non-probability sampling, in which the first individuals are selected and, after this initial selection, the selected ones, themselves, indicate new participants (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). Also known as self-generated sampling. |
|
Convenience |
Non-probability sampling, in which researchers are free to choose the elements they would like to compose the sample (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
Collection instruments |
Questionnaires |
Instrument composed of ordered questions in sequence (Marconi & Lakatos, 2017Marconi, A. M., & Lakatos, E. V. (2017). Fundamentals of scientific methodology. (8th edition.)) |
Interview |
It uses qualitative means to obtain information from one or more people about a certain subject (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
Data collection procedures |
Presential |
Face-to-face communication between researcher and researched (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
By email |
Communication carried out via internet (Cooper & Schindler, 2016Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2016). Methods of research in the field of administration. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Brazil.). |
Data analysis technique |
Factor analysis |
Provides tools to establish the structure of the interrelations between variables (Hair et al., 2009Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Bookman Publisher.) |
|
Regression analysis |
It tests linear relations between two or more variables and is used to make predictions of a variable as a function of one or more independent variables (Field, 2013Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (2nd ed.). Bookman Publisher.). |
Content analysis |
A set of systematic procedures is used to describe the content of messages and infer knowledge about the conditions of the sender or receiver (Bardin 1977Bardin, L. (1977). Content Analysis (L. A. Reto & A. Pinheiro, Transl.). Lisboa: Issues 70.; 2006Bardin, L. (2006). Content Analysis (L. de A. Reto & A. Pinheiro, Transl.). Lisboa: Issues 70.). |
Correlation analysis |
Test linear relations between two or more variables (Field, 2009Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (2nd ed.). Bookman Publisher.). |
Social media analysis |
Methodological and heuristic tool to map relations and quantify the involvement between interdependent actors (Borgatti & Foster, 2003Borgatti, S. P., & Foster, P. C. (2003). The network paradigm in organizational research: A review and typology. Journal of Management, 29, 991-1013.) |
Descriptive statistics |
Summarizes characteristics of a set of numerical data (Guimarães, 2012Guimarães, P. R. B. (2012). Quantitative statistical methods. (1st ed. rev.) IESDE.). |
Structural equation modeling |
A family of statistical models is used to establish relations between multiple variables, such as a series of multiple regression equations (Hair et al., 2009Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Bookman Publisher.). |
Comparing means |
Analyzes means differences between two or more groups (Hair et al., 2009Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Bookman Publisher.). |