A Brazil-Portugal comparative study on the antecedents of Couchsurfing use

Vera, Luciana Alves Rodas; Gosling, Marlusa de Sevilha; Silva, João Albino

Luciana Alves Rodas Vera E-mail: lu.alvesvera@gmail.com

research design

literature review

data collection

data analysis

discussion of results

final revision of the text in Portuguese and English

Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvado, BA, Brazil.

Luciana Alves Rodas Vera She is a Professor at Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) and holds a PhD in Business Administration from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and a Master of Science in Business Administration from Federal University of Bahia (UFBA).

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-3252

Marlusa de Sevilha Gosling E-mail: mg.ufmg@gmail.com

research design

data analysis

discussion of results

final revision of the text in Portuguese and English

Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

Marlusa de Sevilha Gosling She is a Professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG); she holds a PhD and a Master of Science in Business Administration from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG).

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7674-2866

João Albino Silva E-mail: jsilva@ualg.pt

data collection

discussion of results

University of Algarve, Gambelas, Portugal.

João Albino Silva He is a Professor at the University of Algarve (UAlg) and holds a PhD in Economics from the Technical University of Lisbon (UTL).

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-2992

Luciana Alves Rodas Vera

She is a Professor at Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) and holds a PhD in Business Administration from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and a Master of Science in Business Administration from Federal University of Bahia (UFBA).

E-mail: lu.alvesvera@gmail.com

Marlusa de Sevilha Gosling

She is a Professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG); she holds a PhD and a Master of Science in Business Administration from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG).

E-mail: mg.ufmg@gmail.com

João Albino Silva

He is a Professor at the University of Algarve (UAlg) and holds a PhD in Economics from the Technical University of Lisbon (UTL).

E-mail: jsilva@ualg.pt

Editor: Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira Santos.

Construct	Indicators	Outer Loadings
Facilitating Conditions	CF1	0.861
	CF2	0.876
	CF3	0.784
Trust based on feedback	CONF1	0.818
	CONF2	0.915
	CONF3	0.8
Cost Saving	EC1	0.717
	EC2	0.837
	EC3	0.907
	EC4	0.631
	EC6	0.649
	EC7	0.84
Performance Expectancy	ED1	0.88
	ED2	0.897
	ED3	0.697
	ED4	0.762
Effort Expectancy	EE1	0.788
	EE2	0.902
	EE3	0.838
	EE4	0.961
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences	EEC1	0.889
	EEC2	0.919
	EEC3	0.874
	EEC4	0.887
	EEC5	0.901
	EEC6	0.898
	EEC7	0.877
	EEC8	0.915
	EVS1	0.875
	EVS2	0.88
	EVS3	0.823
	EVS4	0.808
	EVS5	0.845
Peer Group Identity	GIP1	0.781
	GIP2	0.877
	GIP3	0.744
	GIP4	0.809
Social Influence	IS1	0.781
	IS2	0.877
	IS3	0.744
	IS4	0.809
Anti-industry perspective	PAI1	0.821
	PAI3	0.809
	PAI4	0.859
	INTUSO1	0.827
Intention to use	INTUSO2	0.75
	INTUSO3	0.808
	INTUSO4	0.871
	RP2	0.694
Perceived Risk	RP3	0.659
	RP4	0.795
	RP5	0.833
	RP6	0.581
	RP7	0.613

Second order construct	Indicators	Outer Loading	Second order construct dimensions		Outer Loadings
Perception of Co-creation	PCC1	0.767355484	Feedback to Others	PCC1	0.8405695
	PCC2	0.830930001		PCC2	0.918422
	PCC3	0.762332872		PCC3	0.8387902
	PCC10	0.717177592		PCC10	0.7976625
	PCC4	0.791210076	Host Support	PCC4	0.8757128
	PCC5	0.798616334		PCC5	0.8708533
	PCC6	0.785046411		PCC6	0.8532744
	PCC7	0.789552864		PCC7	0.8589821
	PCC9	0.638963974		PCC9	0.7124709
	PCC11	0.800148585	Co-creation experiences	PCC11	0.8749291
	PCC12	0.827750387		PCC12	0.9123292
	PCC13	0.81355054		PCC13	0.892069

	Couchsurfing Brazil
Construct	Simple Reliability	Composite Reliability	AVE
Facilitating Conditions	0.877	0.879	0.708
Trust based on Feedback	0.881	0.883	0.715
Cost Saving	0.892	0.896	0.594
Performance Expectancy	0.887	0.885	0.661
Effort Expectancy	0.930	0.928	0.765
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences	0.977	0.977	0.769
Peer Group Identity	0.880	0.880	0.647
Social Influence	0.879	0.879	0.647
Co-creation Perception	0.943	0.944	0.571
Anti-Industry Perception	0.849	0.847	0.588
Intention to use	0.890	0.888	0.664
Perceived Risk	0.904	0.902	0.579

	Host Supp.	Facil.Cond.	Cos Sav.	Perf. Exp.	Eff.Exp.	Exp.Exp.Cult.	Exp.Co-creation	Trust Feed backs	Feedbacks to Others	Peer Group Iden.	Soc. Inf.	Cocreation Perc.	Anti Industry Pers.	Intention to ue
Host Support
Facil. Cond.	0.424
Cost Saving	0.377	0.417
Perform. Expect.	0.346	0.501	0.582
Effort Expect.	0.392	0.668	0.421	0.507
Expect. to Share Cult. Exp.	0.527	0.417	0.395	0.252	0.371
Cocreat. Expect.	0.801	0.441	0.324	0.304	0.360	0.653
Trust Feed back	0.470	0.486	0.415	0.329	0.366	0.376	0.467
Feed Back to others	0.782	0.521	0.353	0.451	0.442	0.388	0.698	0.549
Peer Group Identity	0.437	0.416	0.149	0.261	0.341	0.621	0.486	0.267	0.431
Social Influence	0.153	0.213	0.195	0.386	0.217	0.127	0.118	0.108	0.227	0.293
Co-creation Percept.	1.000	0.502	0.402	0.414	0.438	0.555	0.914	0.538	0.950	0.485	0.198
Anti-Industry Perspect.	0.308	0.232	0.436	0.364	0.260	0.241	0.240	0.129	0.271	0.217	0.351	0.324
Intention to use	0.514	0.462	0.438	0.535	0.413	0.492	0.556	0.310	0.500	0.442	0.211	0.568	0.548
Perceived Risk	0.213	0.183	0.062	0.286	0.241	0.187	0.283	0.086	0.272	0.240	0.044	0.268	0.064	0.410

Construct	Indicators	Outer Loadings
Facilitating Conditions	CF1	0.855
	CF2	0.933
	CF3	0.769
Trust based on Feedback	CONF1	0.875
	CONF2	0.892
	CONF3	0.800
Cost Saving	EC1	0.857
	EC2	0.858
	EC3	0.917
	EC4	0.716
	EC6	0.511
	EC7	0.660
Performance Expectancy	ED1	0.836
	ED2	0.789
	ED3	0.704
	ED4	0.786
Effort Expectancy	EE1	0.832
	EE2	0.831
	EE3	0.863
	EE4	0.921
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences	EEC1	0.858
	EEC2	0.916
	EEC3	0.804
	EEC4	0.833
	EEC5	0.815
	EEC6	0.853
	EEC7	0.869
	EEC8	0.881
	EVS1	0.850
	EVS2	0.859
	EVS3	0.850
	EVS4	0.855
	EVS5	0.734
Peer Group Identity	GIP1	0.753
	GIP2	0.971
	GIP3	0.754
	GIP4	0.851
Social Influence	IS1	0.847
	IS2	0.869
	IS3	0.802
	IS4	0.506
Anti-Industry Perspective	PAI1	0.841
	PAI3	0.704
	PAI4	0.912
Intention to Use	PROUSO1	0.879
	PROUSO2	0.737
	PROUSO3	0.796
	PROUSO4	0.913
Perceived Risk	RP1	0.946
	RP2	0.705
	RP3	0.690
	RP4	0.916
	RP5	0.674
	RP6	0.702
	RP7	0.650

Second Order Construct	Indicators	Outer Loadings	Second Order Construct Dimensions	Indicators	Outer Loadings
Perception of Co-creation	PCC1	0.706286	Feedback to others	PCC1	0.812211
	PCC2	0.722033		PCC2	0.825862
	PCC3	0.684341		PCC3	0.788327
	PCC10	0.781153		PCC10	0.931273
	PCC4	0.651828	Host Support	PCC4	0.741927
	PCC5	0.834126		PCC5	0.899944
	PCC6	0.814168		PCC6	0.89603
	PCC7	0.80482		PCC7	0.897013
	PCC9	0.722216		PCC9	0.760073
	PCC11	0.803753	Co-creationExperiences	PCC11	0.875431
	PCC12	0.839696		PCC12	0.903682
	PCC13	0.820168		PCC13	0.889795

	Host Sup.	Facil.Cond.	Cost Sav.	Perf.Exp.	Eff. Exp.	Exp.Exp.Culturais	Co-creation Exp.	Conf.Feedbacks	Feedback to others	Peer Group Iden.	Soc. Inf.	Perc. Cocreation	Anti-Industry Per.	Int. to use
Host Support
Facilit. Coditions	0.385
Cost Saving.	0.347	0.326
Performance Expect.	0.346	0.327	0.423
Effort Expect.	0.329	0.557	0.351	0.737
Expect. to share Cult. Exper.	0.528	0.549	0.451	0.388	0.441
Expect. of Co-creat.	0.786	0.460	0.322	0.270	0.365	0.635
Trust based on Feedback	0.423	0.379	0.288	0.174	0.257	0.393	0.426
Feedback to Others	0.748	0.285	0.301	0.385	0.303	0.390	0.624	0.414
Peer Group Identity	0.282	0.290	0.180	0.226	0.313	0.440	0.363	0.207	0.367
Social Influence	0.190	0.164	0.126	0.266	0.226	0.138	0.145	0.112	0.243	0.305
Co-creation Perception	0.999	0.409	0.365	0.372	0.364	0.565	0.894	0.467	0.927	0.376	0.228
Anti-Industry Perception	0.263	0.160	0.358	0.318	0.244	0.285	0.201	0.104	0.298	0.197	0.230	0.297
Intention to Use	0.430	0.369	0.340	0.461	0.447	0.468	0.557	0.230	0.476	0.362	0.206	0.519	0.387
Perceived Risk	0.188	0.243	0.068	0.259	0.208	0.216	0.297	0.056	0.244	0.172	0.073	0.253	0.144	0.442

	Original Structural Coefficients (Brazil)	Original Structural coefficients (Portugal)	Average structural coefficients (Brazil)	Average structural coefficients (Portugal)	t values (Brazil)	t values (Portugal)	p values (Brazil)	p values (Portugal)
Facilitating conditions -> Intention to Use	0.077	0.030	0.080	0.031	1.528	0.649	0.127	0.516
Cost Saving -> Intention to Use	0.044	0.074	0.047	0.077	0.822	1.436	0.411	0.151
Performance Expectancy -> Intention to Use	0.189	0.101	0.187	0.102	3.508	2.064	0.000	0.039
Effort Expectancy -> Intention to Use	-0.024	0.085	-0.026	0.084	0.575	1.454	0.565	0.146
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences -> Co-creation Perception	0.515	0.522	0.516	0.523	9.158	9.351	0.000	0.000
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences -> Intention to Use	0.137	0.068	0.139	0.066	2.853	1.204	0.004	0.229
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences -> Perceived Risk	-0.189	-0.250	-0.194	-0.253	3.137	3.668	0.002	0.000
Trust Based on Feedback -> Intention to Use	-0.007	0.002	-0.011	0.006	0.155	0.031	0.877	0.975
Trust Based on Feedback -> Perceived Risk	0.011	0.116	0.010	0.114	0.211	2.172	0.833	0.030
Peer Group Identity-> Trust Based on Feedback	0.240	0.191	0.242	0.192	4.572	3.379	0.000	0.001
Peer Group Identity -> Intention to Use	0.075	0.097	0.075	0.099	1.452	2.155	0.147	0.031
Social Influence -> Intention to Use	-0.054	0.051	-0.050	0.055	1.471	1.453	0.142	0.146
Co-creation Perception -> Host Support	0.931	0.933	0.931	0.933	84.365	105.054	0.000	0.000
Co-creation Perception -> Co-creation Experiences	0.866	0.849	0.866	0.849	43.637	36.147	0.000	0.000
Co-creation Perception -> Feedback to others	0.873	0.848	0.872	0.848	52.722	37.082	0.000	0.000
Co-creation Perception -> Intention to Use	0.170	0.210	0.167	0.206	2.844	3.587	0.005	0.000
Anti-Industry Perspective-> Intention to Use	0.308	0.135	0.305	0.134	7.672	3.279	0.000	0.001
Perceived Risk -> Co-creation Perception	-0.164	-0.130	-0.168	-0.130	3.216	2.581	0.001	0.010
Perceived Risk -> Intention to Use	-0.220	-0.258	-0.222	-0.260	5.031	5.646	0.000	0.000

Hypothesis	Brazil	Portugal
Facilitating Conditions ->Intention to Use	Unsupported	Unsupported
Cost Saving -> Intention to Use	Unsupported	Unsupported
Performance Expectancy ->Unsupported	Supported	Supported
Effort Expectancy -> Unsupported	Unsupported	Unsupported
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences -> Co-creation Perception	Supported	Supported
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences -> Intention to Use	Supported	Unsupported
Expectation to Share Cultural Experiences -> Perceived Risk	Supported	Supported
Trust based on Feedback-> Intention to Use	Unsupported	Unsupported
Trust based on Feedback -> Perceived Risk	Unsupported	Supported
Peer Group Identity ->Trust based on Feedback	Supported	Supported
Peer Group Identity -> Intention to Use	Unsupported	Supported
Social Influence -> Intention to Use	Unsupported	Unsupported
Co-creation Perception -> Intention to Use	Supported	Supported
Anti-Industry Perspective -> Intention to Use	Supported	Supported
Perceived Risk -> Co-creation Perception	Supported	Supported
Perceived Risk -> Intention to Use	Supported	Supported

When considering my experience with Couchsurfing, I think the platform...
...is useful for finding accommodation.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...increases my chances of finding accommodation that fit my profile.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...helps me get the right accommodation quickly.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...it is a convenient tool for finding accommodation.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...offers high quality services.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...it is easy to learn.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...offers clear and understandable interaction.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...it is easy to use.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...is a tool of which the necessary skills are easily acquired.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
I chose to use Couchsurfing, since...
...people who are important to me think that I should use this platform.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...people who influence my behavior use this platform.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...people whose opinions are valuable for me use this platform.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
...my image among my peers would improve.	1		2		3		4		5		6		7
When choosing to use Couchsurfing, I feel that...
...I have the resources necessary to use it.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I have the knowledge necessary to use it.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...the platform is compatible with other technologies that I use.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I can get help from the platform when I have difficulty using it.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...it fits my lifestyle.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I am very connected to the platform community.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...the platform users and I share the same goals.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...the friendships I have with other members of the platform mean a lot to me.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I see myself as part of the platform group.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
Using Couchsurfing...
...saves me money.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...helps to reduce my travel costs.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
... makes travel more accessible.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
... benefits me financially.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
... makes my trip possible, as I could not afford a hotel.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...saves me time.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to invest resources in other tourist activities.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to build relationships.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to have different experiences.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to meet new people.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to get in touch with people with different worldviews.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to belong to a group of people with similar interests.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to get insider tips on local attractions.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to have a more meaningful interaction with places.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to meet people who live in the region.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...helps me connect with the local community.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...allows me to get to know local ways of life.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
…allows me to experience other cultures from living with the host.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...helps me to know the region from a local’s perspective.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...helps me to get a more realistic view of the regions I travel to.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
I chose to use Couchsurfing because...
...sharing rooms while traveling allows me to combat the practice of abusive prices in the hotel industry.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I refuse to play the role of a consumer in the hotel industry.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
... I prefer to contribute to the development of more familiar economies than to large hotel chains.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...it is appealing to me to contribute to the sharing economy.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
When I chose to use Couchsurfing...
...I often read online reviews by other users of the platform to see if they had a good impression.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
... to make sure I choose the right place, I often read reviews from other users of the platform.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I often check the reviews of other users of the platform to help choose good places.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I often gather information from online reviews of platform users before choosing to book accommodation.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I trust that the information presented corresponds to reality.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I think the other users of the platform are trustworthy when dealing with each other.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I think other users of the platform will not take advantage of me.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I think the platform offers a safe environment in which I can use the service.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
On my next travels...
...I would probably choose Couchsurfing if I needed accommodation.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I would rather share a home using Couchsurfing than book a hotel.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I am more likely to use Couchsurfing instead of booking a hotel.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I can see myself using a sharing economy platform like Couchsurfing in the future.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
When I think about using Couchsurfing ...
...I do not trust.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I do not think I will be able to access the house successfully.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I imagine that I will not be able to accurately assess the quality of the place.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
…I think I will have trouble staying with strangers.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I think it is too risky.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I think I will lose my privacy staying with strangers.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I feel that I will cause inconvenience to the host.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I am afraid of suffering some type of violence at the accommodation		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...I am afraid of suffering sexual harassment at the accommodation.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
Having participated in that experience enabled me to...
...provide platform members with requested information about where I stayed.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
... provide necessary information so that other members of the platform could make their choices.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...answer the platform members about questions regarding my accommodation experience.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...be more responsible with other people's belongings.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...be friendly with the host.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...be polite to the host.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...be courteous to the host.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...suggest, if necessary, the host a useful idea on how to improve the service.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
…tell the host when you receive a good service from him/her.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...provide advice to other members of the platform.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
... having experienced the destination in a totally different way than it would have been if I had gone to a hotel.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...want to share my experiences with my hosts.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7
...be more open to novelties.		1		2		3		4		5		6	7

Ao considerar minha(s) experiência(s) com o CouchSurfing, eu penso que a plataforma...
...é útil para encontrar acomodações.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...aumenta a minha chance de encontrar acomodações que são adequadas ao meu perfil.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...ajuda-me a conseguir rapidamente a acomodação certa.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...é um recurso prático para encontrar acomodações.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...oferece serviços de alta qualidade.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...é de fácil aprendizagem.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...oferece uma interação clara e compreensível.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...é fácil de usar.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...é uma ferramenta na qual adquiri as habilidades necessárias facilmente.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
Eu escolhi utilizar o CouchSurfing, uma vez que...
...pessoas que são importantes para mim pensam que eu deveria usar esta plataforma.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...pessoas que influenciam o meu comportamento usam esta plataforma.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...pessoas cujas opiniões eu valorizo utilizam esta plataforma.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
...a minha imagem entre os meus pares melhoraria.		1		2		3	4	5		6	7
Ao escolher utilizar o CouchSurfing, sinto que...
...eu tenho os recursos necessários para utilizar.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...eu tenho o conhecimento necessário para utilizar.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...a plataforma é compatível com outras tecnologias que eu utilizo.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...posso obter ajuda da plataforma quando tenho dificuldades em utilizar.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...isso se enquadra no meu estilo de vida.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...eu estou muito ligado à comunidade da plataforma.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
... os membros da plataforma e eu compartilhamos os mesmosobjetivos.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...as amizades que eu tenho com os membros da plataforma significam muito para mim.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...eu me vejo como parte do grupo da plataforma.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
Utilizar o CouchSurfing...
...me poupa dinheiro.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...ajuda a reduzir os meus custos de viagem.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...torna a viagem mais acessível.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me beneficia financeiramente.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...viabiliza a minha viagem, pois eu não poderia pagar por um hotel.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me poupa tempo.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me possibilita aplicar recursos em outras atividades turísticas.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite construir relações.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite ter experiências diferenciadas.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite encontrar novas pessoas.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite entrar em contato com pessoas com diferentes visões de mundo.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite pertencer a um grupo de pessoas com interesses semelhantes.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite obter dicas privilegiadas sobre atrações locais.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite ter uma interação mais significativa com os lugares.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7
...me permite conhecer pessoas que residem na região.	1		2		3	4	5		6			7

Brasil

Brasil

A Brazil-Portugal comparative study on the antecedents of Couchsurfing use

Abstract