Interrupted dreams: memories and emotions of travel experiences during Covid-19 breakthrough.

Mayer, Verônica Feder; Coelho, Mariana de Freitas

Verônica Feder Mayer E-mail: veronicamayer@id.uff.br

Research design

data collection

data analysis

discussion

Federal University Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Verônica Feder Mayer She is an Associate professor at the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality at Fluminense Federal University – UFF (Faculdade de Turismo e Hotelaria da Universidade Federal Fluminense). She has a bachelor's degree in Social Communication and Advertising (UFF), an MBA in Marketing and a Master's degree in Business Administration from the COPPEAD Graduate School of Business at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). She is Vice-coordinator of the Master in Tourism – PPGTUR/UFF, leading researcher of LABCONS – Laboratory for Behavioral Studies in Tourism (Laboratório de Estudos Comportamentais no Turismo) and vice-director of ABRATUR – International Academy for the Development of Tourism Research in Brazil (Academia Internacional para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Turismo no Brasil) for the biennium 2020/2021.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-5215

Mariana de Freitas Coelho E-mail: marifcoelho@gmail.com

Research design

literature review

data collection

discussion

Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

Mariana de Freitas Coelho She is an Assistant Professor at the Federal University of Viçosa – UFV (Universidade Federal de Viçosa) of the Administration and Accounting Department. She has a Post-Doctoral degree in Hospitality from Anhembi Morumbi University (Universidade Anhembi Morumbi). She has a PhD and Master’s in Strategic Administration, Marketing and Innovation from the Federal University of Minas Gerais – UFMG (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais). She is a member of ABRATUR and coordinator of the Mercademia Research Center – Business Management.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-1429

Verônica Feder Mayer

She is an Associate professor at the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality at Fluminense Federal University – UFF (Faculdade de Turismo e Hotelaria da Universidade Federal Fluminense). She has a bachelor's degree in Social Communication and Advertising (UFF), an MBA in Marketing and a Master's degree in Business Administration from the COPPEAD Graduate School of Business at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). She is Vice-coordinator of the Master in Tourism – PPGTUR/UFF, leading researcher of LABCONS – Laboratory for Behavioral Studies in Tourism (Laboratório de Estudos Comportamentais no Turismo) and vice-director of ABRATUR – International Academy for the Development of Tourism Research in Brazil (Academia Internacional para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Turismo no Brasil) for the biennium 2020/2021.

E-mail: veronicamayer@id.uff.br

Mariana de Freitas Coelho

She is an Assistant Professor at the Federal University of Viçosa – UFV (Universidade Federal de Viçosa) of the Administration and Accounting Department. She has a Post-Doctoral degree in Hospitality from Anhembi Morumbi University (Universidade Anhembi Morumbi). She has a PhD and Master’s in Strategic Administration, Marketing and Innovation from the Federal University of Minas Gerais – UFMG (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais). She is a member of ABRATUR and coordinator of the Mercademia Research Center – Business Management.

E-mail: marifcoelho@gmail.com

Editor:

Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira Santos.

Research Emphasis	International References	National References
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Name	Age	Occupation	Education	Residence		Destination	Trip Type
Lívia	49	Librarian	Postgraduate	Minas Gerais	Brazil	India	Excursion
Paula	36	Medical	Postgraduate	Distrito Federal	Brazil	Argentina and Canada	FamAily
Victor	27	Student	Postgraduate	Maranhão	Brazil	Spain	Solo
Tiago	29	Software Engineer	Graduate	Minas Gerais	Brazil	Qatar and Thailand	Family
César	56	Bank Officer	Graduate	Minas Gerais	Brazil	Morro de São Paulo — BA	Family
Fernanda	34	Dentist Surgeon	Postgraduate	Minas Gerais	Brazil	Bolivia	Couple
Lara	69	Publisher/Retired	Postgraduate	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Mexico	Excursion
Taysa	28	Student (receives Scholarship)	Postgraduate	Canterbury	England	England	Solo
Elza	49	Financial Management Consultant	Postgraduate	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	United States	Solo
Giovana	30	Administrator	Graduate	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Portugal, England	Solo
Débora	31	Project manager	Postgraduate	Düsseldorf	Germany	Rio de Janeiro	Solo
Amanda	48	Psychologist	Postgraduate	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	England	Couple
Elisa	50	Uninformed	Graduate	Uruguay	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	Solo
Ana	33	IT Business Analyst	Graduate	São Paulo	Brazil	Qatar and Philippines	Couple
Leandro	22	Student	Graduate	São Paulo	Brazil	Spain	Solo
José	34	Entrepreneur	Postgraduate	Padua	Italy	São Paulo and Minas Gerais	Solo
Angélica	53	Currently not acting	Graduate	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Spain	Solo
Glória	33	Waiter Assistant	Graduate	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Around the World	Solo
Hugo	31	Software Engineer	Graduate	Minas Gerais	Brazil	Fortaleza — CE	Couple
Marcela	30	Lawyer	Postgraduate	Minas Gerais	Brazil	South Africa	Couple
Diana	Uninformed	Executive	Postgraduate	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Spain, France	Family

Theoretical Implications and Research Opportunities	Authors
Aversion to loss and risk-prone travel behavior.	Kahneman (2011)Kahneman, D. (2011). Rapido e Devagar: Duas Formas de Pensar. Editora Objetiva. https://doi.org/doi:10.1038/2491 https://doi.org/10.1038/2491... ; Tversky & Kahneman, (1981)
Assessment of travel risks, information and acting of biases of the judgment, such as optimism and overconfidence.	*Cho et al. (2013)Cho, H., Lee, J. S.., & Lee, S. (2013). Optimistic Bias About H1N1 Flu: Testing the Links Between Risk Communication, Optimistic Bias, and Self-Protection Behavior. Health Communication, 28(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.664805 https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.66... ; Korstanje (2011)Korstanje, M. E. (2011). Why Risk Why Now? Conceptual Problems Around the Risk Perception in Tourism Industry. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa Em Turismo, 5(1), 4–22. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v5i1.403 https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v5i1.403... ; Souza et al. (2012)*Souza, A. G. de, Melo, F. V. S.., & Barbosa, M. de L. de A. (2012). Riscos Percebidos Na Aquisição De Serviços Hoteleiros Online: Fatores Determinantes Das Estratégias De Redução E Suas Relações Com As Características Demográficas Do Consumidor. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa Em Turismo, 6(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v6i2.527 https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v6i2.527...
Social and family influences on risky travel situations and decisions.	Riggs (2017)Riggs, W. (2017). Painting the fence: Social norms as economic incentives to nonautomotive travel behavior. TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY, 7, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2016.11.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2016.11.00...
Perception of susceptibility to health problems in travel and adoption of risk behaviors.	*Gao et al. (2000)Gao, X., Nau, D. P., Rosenbluth, S. A., Scott, V.., & Woodward, C. (2000). The relationship of disease severity, health beliefs and medication adherence among HIV patients. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV, 12(4), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120050123783 https://doi.org/10.1080/0954012005012378... ; Sridhar et al. (2016)*Sridhar, S., Régner, I., Brouqui, P.., & Gautret, P. (2016). Methodologies for measuring travelers’ risk perception of infectious diseases: A systematic review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 14(4), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.05.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.05....
Fluctuation of negative feelings and emotions in travel experiences; permanence in memory over time.	*Mayer et al. (2019)Mayer, V. F., Machado, J. dos S., Marques, O.., & Nunes, J. M. G. (2019). Mixed feelings?: fluctuations in well-being during tourist travels. Service Industries Journal, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1600671 https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.16... ; Coelho & Gosling, (2018)Coelho, M. de F., Gosling, M. de S., & Almeida, A. S. A. de. (2018). Tourism experiences: Core processes of memorable trips. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 37, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.08.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.08.0... ; Kim et al. (2012)Kim, J. H. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. European Journal of Tourism Research, 3(2), 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510385467 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510385467... ; Kim & Ritchie (2014)*Kim, J.-H.., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2014). Cross-Cultural Validation of a Memorable Tourism Experience Scale (MTES). Journal of Travel Research, 53(3), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513496468 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513496468...
Behaviors of avoidance of future risk in travels from lived experiences.	*Cahyanto et al. (2016)Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the U.S. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.09.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.09.00... ; Song et al. (2019)*Song, H., Livat, F.., & Ye, S. (2019). Effects of terrorist attacks on tourist flows to France: Is wine tourism a substitute for urban tourism? Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 14(September), 100385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100385 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.1003...
Reactions to the perceived injustice in prices and service of companies and representatives of tourist destinations.	Mayer & Avila (2014)Mayer, V. F.., & Avila, M. (2014). Perceptions of unfairness in price increases: an experimental study. Revista de Administração, 49(3), 566–577. https://doi.org/10.5700/rausp1168 https://doi.org/10.5700/rausp1168...
Rights of tourists at situations of risk and from the new measures adopted due to the Covid-19 pandemic	Baum & Hai (2020)Baum, T.., & Hai, N. T. T. (2020). Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of Covid-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2020-0242 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2020-02...

[1] Verônica Feder Mayer

She is an Associate professor at the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality at Fluminense Federal University – UFF (Faculdade de Turismo e Hotelaria da Universidade Federal Fluminense). She has a bachelor's degree in Social Communication and Advertising (UFF), an MBA in Marketing and a Master's degree in Business Administration from the COPPEAD Graduate School of Business at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). She is Vice-coordinator of the Master in Tourism – PPGTUR/UFF, leading researcher of LABCONS – Laboratory for Behavioral Studies in Tourism (Laboratório de Estudos Comportamentais no Turismo) and vice-director of ABRATUR – International Academy for the Development of Tourism Research in Brazil (Academia Internacional para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Turismo no Brasil) for the biennium 2020/2021.

Transfiguration of the tourist experience	Thailand was very empty, things were kinda of deserted. There was no one in the attractions, no need to face queues. We took a trip that no one was going to take (Tiago). I couldn't enjoy the vacations anymore, visiting people, going places. [...] it wasn't much of a travel, it was boomerang trip (Deborah). When we stepped into the Hotel in Vancouver we were informed that the restaurant was not open. The penny dropped. Mall nearby closed with warnings (Paula).
Poor service and helplessness	My husband told me to try travel insurance. I read the contract and got stressed: even for health the insurance does not cover in epidemic and pandemic situation. I was super nervous, being in a country you don't know and without health coverage (Elza). I would call every day and stay in line trying to confirm the flight. I bought another flight and then it was cancelled. Chaos. My father helped me [...] It has some things that is only God (Giovana). I wasn't sure if I would fly. I had to leave the key inside the apartment and had nowhere else to go. I kept praying, asking God. (...) I had absurd expenses. We had no financial help from anyone (Marcela). The return ticket was very expensive. We pay R$ 9,500 only for the two return tickets, the price of freedom (Amanda).
Self-protection	I sat down with an armchair away [...] I left the seat and went to the end of the plane because there was a coughing person (Elisa). In Barcelona we did quarantine, almost neurotic, with all the care, we took care of each other. (Angelica). In a climate of fright, in Salvador I felt the people afraid. Alcohol gel all the time, distance, covering the face (César).

Involvement with the trip	But he [husband] didn't want to miss the opportunity, because he planned the trip a lot, he is a very positive person, he was optimistic that the virus wouldn't catch us because we are healthy and strong (Amanda). We got a promotion from TAM in business class at a great price! But with no refund and no possibility to change (Diana). It had no option to cancel. If I didn't go, I would miss the ticket. (Giovana).
Social pressure and special dates	The mother's need to be with her daughter at a complicated time. I would have gone sooner if I could (Angelica). Celebration of 25 years of marriage. It would be a great trip through Europe. I was scared, but I suffered a lot of pressure [from husband] and we ended up going (Amanda). I went to accompany the birth of my sister's second child (...) and participate in a Jewish ceremony very meaningful for our family (Elza).
Pre-trip assessments	I didn't even think about not boarding, almost no case in Brazil, not even 50, it was insignificant. (...) I didn't receive any official information; everything was normal, without warning (Débora). I knew a lot, that it was contagious and very serious, that it can cause death, I had hope for not being older (Amanda). We kept mapping, it seemed to be concentrated in Italy. I knew about China, and that it had a question of age. I didn't expect Spain and France to be affected — we tried to stay outside the border. We've run from a hurricane before, we couldn't think it was so global! (Diana). Before the trip I sent a question to the operator of our tour [about the risks with Covid-19], but I did not receive any answer (Lara).

Brasil

Brasil

Interrupted dreams: memories and emotions of travel experiences during Covid-19 breakthrough.

Abstract