Índice de Calidad del Empleo para el turismo en países en desarrollo: el caso de Uruguay

Dolcet, Malena; Porto, Natalia; Garcia, Carolina Inés

Malena Dolcet E-mail: malenadolcet@gmail.com

literature revision

data analysis

results discussion

Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Malena Dolcet Is a junior researcher at Institute of Economics Investigations of the Faculty of Economics at UNLP. She received her B.A in Economics from Universidad Nacional de La Plata and she is currently a M.A. Candidate in Economics at UNLP. She has participated in research projects related to the areas such as labor economics, education and tourism economics.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-7845

Natalia Porto E-mail: natalia.porto@econo.unlp.edu.ar

research idealization

data collect

results discussion

Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Natalia Porto Holds a PhD in economics from Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Argentina. She is the director of the Institute of Economics Investigations of the Faculty of Economics at UNLP. She is a Titular Professor of International Economics and Economic Growth, Tourism and the Environment at the same university. She is a full-time researcher, has published various articles in national and international journals, and has worked on many research projects related to tourism. She is also a member of the Ibero-American Network of Tourism Economics and Management, the Argentinian Association of Political Economy, and the Executive Council of the International Association for Tourism Economics.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-1068

Carolina Inés Garcia E-mail: carolina.garcia@econo.unlp.edu.ar

literature revision

data analysis

results discussion

Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Carolina Inés Garcia Is a PhD student at Curtin University, Australia. She holds a Master’s Degree in Provincial and Municipal Public Finance and a Bachelor’s Degree (Honours) in Tourism from Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. She has experience working for academia, government and international organisations. Her research interests include tourism policy, tourism economics and tourism employment.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9005-3971

Malena Dolcet

Is a junior researcher at Institute of Economics Investigations of the Faculty of Economics at UNLP. She received her B.A in Economics from Universidad Nacional de La Plata and she is currently a M.A. Candidate in Economics at UNLP. She has participated in research projects related to the areas such as labor economics, education and tourism economics.

E-mail: malenadolcet@gmail.com

Natalia Porto

Holds a PhD in economics from Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Argentina. She is the director of the Institute of Economics Investigations of the Faculty of Economics at UNLP. She is a Titular Professor of International Economics and Economic Growth, Tourism and the Environment at the same university. She is a full-time researcher, has published various articles in national and international journals, and has worked on many research projects related to tourism. She is also a member of the Ibero-American Network of Tourism Economics and Management, the Argentinian Association of Political Economy, and the Executive Council of the International Association for Tourism Economics.

E-mail: natalia.porto@econo.unlp.edu.ar

Carolina Inés Garcia

Is a PhD student at Curtin University, Australia. She holds a Master’s Degree in Provincial and Municipal Public Finance and a Bachelor’s Degree (Honours) in Tourism from Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. She has experience working for academia, government and international organisations. Her research interests include tourism policy, tourism economics and tourism employment.

E-mail: carolina.garcia@econo.unlp.edu.ar

Editor:

Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira Santos.

Dimension	Individual variables	Definition	Range
Employment conditions	Seniority	Labor seniority at main job	Less than 1 year Between [1;3] years Between [4;6] years 7 or more years
	Labor shortage	Looking for another job or wishing to work more hours	Yes No
	Overemployment	Number of jobs	Yes if worker has more than one job No if worker has only one job
Earnings	Wage	Gross wage stratified according to the number of times the monthly salary contains the minimum wage	< 1 minimum wage [1;3] minimum wage > 3 minimum wage
Earnings	Income decile	Individual total income decile in main occupation	[1;10]
Hours	Hours worked	Hours worked per week	>48 hours per week <44 hours per week Between [44;48] hours per week
Hours	Overtime hours of work	Recognition for extra hours worked	No if worker does not have a recognition Yes if worker has a recognition through payment, compensation or additional holiday days
Occupational safety	Workplace	Place or space where people carry out the tasks associated with their main job	In an agricultural land or maritime property On the street (fixed shop or not) or moving on public space Doorstep selling Homeoffice or at your employer's establishment
Occupational safety	Type of business	Whether the company or business is public, large and private or small and private	Small private business (5 or less employees) Large private business (more than 5 employees) Public company
Social security coverage	Formality status Health insurance Sick leave Salary bonus	Grouped benefits and social security contributions of salaries workers	0 rights 1 right 2 rights 3 rights 4 rights

		All salaried	Tourism employees	Trade employees
Global QoE Index		0.677	0.647	0.682
Sex
	Male	0.696	0.657	0.683
	Female	0.656	0.636	0.682
Age
	[15;18]	0.435	0.483	0.482
	[19;25]	0.595	0.579	0.625
	[26;35]	0.675	0.648	0.686
	[35;60]	0.706	0.694	0.720
Education
	Skilled	0.735	0.685	0.725
	Unskilled	0.658	0.638	0.674

	Tourism employees (%)	QoE index
Hotels	0.175	0.705
Restaurants	0.458	0.612
Entertainment	0.314	0.650
Travel agencies	0.053	0.733
Total	1	0.647

			All salaried	Tourism employees	Trade employees
Employment conditions
	Seniority
		Less than 1 year	0.170	0.267	0.201
		Between [1;3] years	0.262	0.322	0.317
		Between [4;6] years	0.166	0.149	0.187
		7 or more years	0.401	0.262	0.295

	Labor shortage (Yes)		0.172	0.237	0.182
	Overemployment (=1)		0.117	0.105	0.047

Earningsa
	Wage
		< 1 minimum wage	0.182	0.253	0.184
		[1;3] minimum wage	0.654	0.655	0.722
		>3 minimum wage	0.164	0.092	0.094

Hours
	Hours worked
		> 48 hours per week	0.085	0.066	0.100
		< 44 hours per week	0.560	0.556	0.338
		Between [44;48] hours per week	0.355	0.378	0.562

	Overtime HoW (Yes)		0.794	0.785	0.830

Occupational safety
	Workplace
		Agricultural land or martime prop.	0.059	0.006	0.002
	On the street		0.077	0.042	0.102
	Doorstep selling		0.084	0.015	0.010
	Homeoffice or employer's office		0.779	0.936	0.886

Type of business
	Public		0.210	0.089	0.002
	Private and small		0.200	0.146	0.212
	Private and large		0.591	0.765	0.787

Social Security coverage
	0 rights		0.066	0.111	0.071
	1 right		0.037	0.057	0.034
	2 rights		0.015	0.017	0.012
	3 rights		0.078	0.091	0.047
	4 rights		0.804	0.723	0.836

	SS cove- rage	Type of busi- ness	Seniority	Hours wor- ked	Overtime HoW	Wage	Income decile	Overem- ployment	Labor shortage	Work- place
SS coverage	1
Type of business	0.35	1
Seniority	0.31	0.36	1
Hours worked	0.30	-0.12	-0.02	1
Overtime HoW	0.60	0.18	0.11	0.21	1
Wage	0.50	0.49	0.45	0.22	0.26	1
Income decile	0.45	0.50	0.48	0.18	0.21	0.97	1
Overemployment	-0.05	-0.11	-0.12	0.37	0.05	-0.02	-0.04	1
Labor shortage	0.33	0.21	0.33	0.15	0.20	0.36	0.35	0.03	1
Workplace	0.31	0.40	0.12	-0.12	0.23	0.18	0.14	-0.11	0.06	1

	Eigenvalue
Component	Total	% of variance	Cumulative %
1	2.94	0.29	0.29
2	1.86	0.19	0.48
3	1.60	0.16	0.64
4	0.89	0.09	0.73
5	0.78	0.08	0.81
6	0.60	0.06	0.87
7	0.56	0.06	0.92
8	0.43	0.04	0.97
9	0.31	0.03	1.00
10	0.03	0.00	1.00

Determinant of the matrix correlation			0.11
KMO measure of sampling adequacy			0.72

		PC 1	PC 2	PC 3
Employment conditions
	Seniority	0.44	-0.10	-0.13
	Labor shortage	0.31	0.02	0.15
	Overemployment	-0.04	-0.01	0.54

Eearnings
	Wage	0.53	0.02	0.07
	Income decile	0.55	-0.04	0.04

Hours
	Hours worked	0.06	0.12	0.64
	Overtime HoW	-0.07	0.63	0.15

Occupational safety
	Workplace	-0.07	0.52	-0.35
	Type of business	0.30	0.18	-0.31

Social Security coverage		0.14	0.52	0.11

	PC1	PC2	PC3
Income decile	0.15
Wage	0.13
Seniority	0.09
Labor shortage	0.05
Type of business	0.04
SS coverage		0.08
Hours worked			0.15
Overemployment			0.10
Workplace		0.08
Overtime HoW		0.12

		All salaried	Tourism employees	Trade employees
Sex
	Male	0.527	0.519	0.561
	Female	0.473	0.481	0.439
Age
	[15;18]	0.016	0.036	0.023
	[19;25]	0.159	0.269	0.255
	[26;35]	0.262	0.265	0.293
	[35;60]	0.562	0.431	0.429
Education
	Skilled	0.244	0.178	0.153
	Unskilled	0.756	0.822	0.847

[1] Malena Dolcet

Is a junior researcher at Institute of Economics Investigations of the Faculty of Economics at UNLP. She received her B.A in Economics from Universidad Nacional de La Plata and she is currently a M.A. Candidate in Economics at UNLP. She has participated in research projects related to the areas such as labor economics, education and tourism economics.

Brasil

Brasil

Índice de Calidad del Empleo para el turismo en países en desarrollo: el caso de Uruguay

Resumen