Postural response |
Reluctant |
Trying to escape the external stimulus |
|
|
Posture low |
Head lower than shoulders, tail low, ears lowered |
Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
|
|
Ears low |
Flattened ears |
Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
|
|
Tail low |
The dog holds its tail low or between its legs |
Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
|
Calming signals |
Raising the paw |
Lift a front paw |
Beerda et al. (1997Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01...
, 1998Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.; de Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58:365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00...
, 1999Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M.; De Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1999. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior 66:233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00...
); Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003....
; Rooney et al. (2007)Rooney, N. J.; Gaines, S. A. and Bradshaw, J. W. S. 2007. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) to kennelling: investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiology & Behavior 92:847-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.0...
; Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee. ; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
|
|
Licking the nose |
Tongue extends upwards to cover nose, before retracting into mouth |
Beerda et al. (1997Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01...
, 1998Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.; de Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58:365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00...
); Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003....
; Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
; Rooney et al. (2007)Rooney, N. J.; Gaines, S. A. and Bradshaw, J. W. S. 2007. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) to kennelling: investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiology & Behavior 92:847-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.0...
; Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee. ; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
|
|
Yawning |
Mouth open wide for a period of a few seconds, then closes |
Beerda et al. (1998)Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.; de Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58:365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00...
; Hennessy et al. (1998)Hennessy, M. B.; Williams, M. T.; Miller, D. D.; Douglas, C. W. and Voith, V. L. 1998. Influence of male and female petters on plasma cortisol and behaviour: can human interaction reduce the stress of dogs in a public animal shelter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61:63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00179-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00...
; Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003....
; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
; Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
; Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee. ; Rooney et al. (2007)Rooney, N. J.; Gaines, S. A. and Bradshaw, J. W. S. 2007. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) to kennelling: investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiology & Behavior 92:847-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.0...
|
|
Looking away/turning of the head |
Distracts from the stressful stimulus |
Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee.
|
|
Vocalizing |
Barking or whining |
Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
|
Physiological behaviors |
Salivation |
Excessive saliva production |
Beerda et al. (1997)Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01...
; Casey (2002)Casey, R. 2002. Fear and stress in companion animals. p.144-153. In: BSAVA manual of canine and feline behavioural medicine. Horwitz, D. F.; Mills, D. S. and Heath, S., eds. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK. ; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
|
|
Panting |
Rapid open-mouth breathing |
Beerda et al. (1997Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01...
, 1999Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M.; De Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1999. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior 66:233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00...
); Hennessy et al. (1998)Hennessy, M. B.; Williams, M. T.; Miller, D. D.; Douglas, C. W. and Voith, V. L. 1998. Influence of male and female petters on plasma cortisol and behaviour: can human interaction reduce the stress of dogs in a public animal shelter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61:63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00179-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00...
; Casey (2002)Casey, R. 2002. Fear and stress in companion animals. p.144-153. In: BSAVA manual of canine and feline behavioural medicine. Horwitz, D. F.; Mills, D. S. and Heath, S., eds. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK. ; Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003....
; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
|
|
Shaking |
Agitation of the body by involuntary movements in response to fear or cold |
Beerda et al. (1999)Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M.; De Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1999. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior 66:233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00...
; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
; Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
|
Behaviors caused by handling |
Escape attempts/getting out of the cage |
Try to escape while bathing or drying/scratching and pushing against the cage door |
|
|
Falling |
Drop completely from the bathtub or drying table |
|
|
Slipping |
Slip in the bathtub or drying table |
|
|
Changes of position in the cage |
Support of body weight alternates between limbs |
|