A study of the anurofauna of the Brazilian rainforest in the mountain chain of Serra dos Orgãos (state of Rio de Janeiro) revealed the occurrence of three species of Gastrotheca Fitzinger, 1843: G. albolineata (Lutz & Lutz, 1939), G. ernestoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 and G. fulvorufa (Andersson, 1911). These taxa are compared with respect to their external and cranial morphology, as well as call structure, and diagnosed as three unique species. The name Gastrotheca microdiscus (Andersson, 1910), which G. fulvorufa and G. ernestoi have been recently considered as synonyms, is not applied to either of the three species from Serra dos Órgãos, given the smaller size of the disks of fingers and toes and by the derm of the head completely involved in a faintly rugose cranial ossification in G. microdiscus, as originally described. Gastrotheca viridis Lutz & Lutz, 1939 is herein considered a synonym of Gastrotheca ernestoi.
Taxonomy; Southeastern Brazil; Gastrotheca fulvorufa; Gastrotheca ernestoi; Gastrotheca albolineata
