Abstracts
The beetle superfamily Curculionoidea includes 43 species associated with Araucaria angustifolia trees in South Brazil. These weevil species belong to the families Nemonychidae (Brarus Kuschel, 1997, Rhynchitoplesius Voss, 1952), Brentidae (Taphroderes Schönherr, 1826) and Curculionidae, the latter including the subfamilies Curculioninae (Heilipodus Kuschel, 1955, Spermologus Schönherr, 1843), Cossoninae (Araucarius Kuschel, 1966, Eurycorynophorus Voss, 1964), Scolytinae (Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915, Araptus Eichhoff, 1871, Cnesinus LeConte, 1868, Corthylus Erichson, 1836, Cryptocarenus Eggers, 1936, Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834, Monarthrum Kirsch, 1866, Pagiocerus Eichhoff, 1868, Phloeotribus Latreille, 1896, Pityophthorus Eichhoff, 1864, Xylechinosomus Schedl, 1963, Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864, Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913) and Platypodinae (Cenocephalus Chapuis, 1865, Platypus Herbst, 1893, Tesserocerus Saunders, 1836). A checklist of all species including remarks on their life histories and taxonomic notes are presented. In addition, a key for the identification of adult Curculionoidea associated with Araucaria angustifolia to genus or species level is provided.
Key
A superfamília Curculionoidea compreende 43 espécies associadas à Araucaria angustifolia no sul do Brasil. As espécies destes gorgulhos pertencem às famílias Nemonychidae (Brarus Kuschel, 1997, Rhynchitoplesius Voss, 1952), Brentidae (Taphroderes Schönherr, 1826) e Curculionidae, (Curculioninae: Heilipodus Kuschel, 1955, Spermologus Schönherr, 1843; Cossoninae: Araucarius Kuschel, 1966, Eurycorynophorus Voss, 1964; Scolytinae: Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915, Araptus Eichhoff, 1871, Cnesinus LeConte, 1868, Corthylus Erichson, 1836, Cryptocarenus Eggers, 1936, Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834, Monarthrum Kirsch, 1866, Pagiocerus Eichhoff, 1868, Phloeotribus Latreille, 1896, Pityophthorus Eichhoff, 1864, Xylechinosomus Schedl, 1963, Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864, Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913; Platypodinae: Cenocephalus Chapuis, 1865, Platypus Herbst, 1893, Tesserocerus Saunders, 1836). Apresenta-se uma lista de todas as espécies, bem como informações sobre biologia e taxonomia das mesmas. Adicionalmente, está incluída uma chave de identificação de gêneros e espécies dos adultos de Curculionoidea associados à Araucaria angustifolia.
Brasil; chave de identificação
A review of the weevil fauna (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (Araucariaceae) in South Brazil1 1 Part of the BMBF-DLR project 01LT0011/7.
Roland MeckeI; Maria Helena M. GalileoII
IZoologisches Institut, LS Entwicklungsphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. E-mail: roland.mecke@t-online.de
IIMuseu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul. Caixa Postal 1188, 90001-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
ABSTRACT
The beetle superfamily Curculionoidea includes 43 species associated with Araucaria angustifolia trees in South Brazil. These weevil species belong to the families Nemonychidae (Brarus Kuschel, 1997, Rhynchitoplesius Voss, 1952), Brentidae (Taphroderes Schönherr, 1826) and Curculionidae, the latter including the subfamilies Curculioninae (Heilipodus Kuschel, 1955, Spermologus Schönherr, 1843), Cossoninae (Araucarius Kuschel, 1966, Eurycorynophorus Voss, 1964), Scolytinae (Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915, Araptus Eichhoff, 1871, Cnesinus LeConte, 1868, Corthylus Erichson, 1836, Cryptocarenus Eggers, 1936, Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834, Monarthrum Kirsch, 1866, Pagiocerus Eichhoff, 1868, Phloeotribus Latreille, 1896, Pityophthorus Eichhoff, 1864, Xylechinosomus Schedl, 1963, Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864, Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913) and Platypodinae (Cenocephalus Chapuis, 1865, Platypus Herbst, 1893, Tesserocerus Saunders, 1836). A checklist of all species including remarks on their life histories and taxonomic notes are presented. In addition, a key for the identification of adult Curculionoidea associated with Araucaria angustifolia to genus or species level is provided.
Key words: Key.
RESUMO
A superfamília Curculionoidea compreende 43 espécies associadas à Araucaria angustifolia no sul do Brasil. As espécies destes gorgulhos pertencem às famílias Nemonychidae (Brarus Kuschel, 1997, Rhynchitoplesius Voss, 1952), Brentidae (Taphroderes Schönherr, 1826) e Curculionidae, (Curculioninae: Heilipodus Kuschel, 1955, Spermologus Schönherr, 1843; Cossoninae: Araucarius Kuschel, 1966, Eurycorynophorus Voss, 1964; Scolytinae: Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915, Araptus Eichhoff, 1871, Cnesinus LeConte, 1868, Corthylus Erichson, 1836, Cryptocarenus Eggers, 1936, Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834, Monarthrum Kirsch, 1866, Pagiocerus Eichhoff, 1868, Phloeotribus Latreille, 1896, Pityophthorus Eichhoff, 1864, Xylechinosomus Schedl, 1963, Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864, Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913; Platypodinae: Cenocephalus Chapuis, 1865, Platypus Herbst, 1893, Tesserocerus Saunders, 1836). Apresenta-se uma lista de todas as espécies, bem como informações sobre biologia e taxonomia das mesmas. Adicionalmente, está incluída uma chave de identificação de gêneros e espécies dos adultos de Curculionoidea associados à Araucaria angustifolia.
Palavras chave: Brasil, chave de identificação.
Araucaria Jussieu, 1789 trees, the oldest extant conifers, have an evolutionary history stretching more than 200 Mio years. The 19 recent species of this genus have a disjunct distribution (South America and Oceania) and form, under natural conditions, highly diverse mixed forests in tropical and subtropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Both the high geological age and the disjunct distribution predestinate Araucaria trees for evolutionary biological studies of insect-plant relationships. Today, we know several insect groups restricted in their occurrence to recent Araucariaceae like the leaf beetle subfamily Palophaginae (Megalopodidae), the weevil tribe Araucariini (Cossoninae, Curculionidae) or the bark or ambrosia beetle genera Hylurdrectonus Schedl, 1938, Hylurgonotus Schedl, 1951, Pachycotes Sharp, 1877 and Xylechinosomus Schedl, 1963 (Scolytinae, Curculionidae) (KUSCHEL 1966, KUSCHEL & MAY 1996, MECKE 2000, WOOD 1986). An important question is, if there already existed Araucaria-insect associations before the splitting of Gondwana began and the continents were completely separated and if so, how these insects evolved in their long distant biogeographical regions. To answer these questions first of all detailed descriptions of the entomofauna associated with Araucaria trees in South America and Oceania are required. Because of the strong relationship between weevils and their host plants, beetles of the superfamily Curculionoidea are perfectly suited to study the co-evolution of Araucaria trees and their insects.
A few years ago, MORRONE (1997) and KUSCHEL (2000) listed the weevils associated with Araucaria araucana (Molina) C. Koch in Chile, one of the two South American Araucaria trees. To enable future comparisons between the weevil faunas of different Araucaria species, we present here an annotated list of the Curculionoidea associated with Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze in Brazil including a key to enable the identification of adult weevils found on this host tree.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The data for this study were obtained from a bibliographic survey and own field collections. The field study was realized March 1997 through August 2000 in the Araucaria forest reserve Pró-Mata, located in the municipality of São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The collections were performed mainly using photoeclectors (emergence traps) filled with pieces of dead Araucaria angustifolia wood. A detailed description of the sampling methods is given in MECKE et al. (2001). All collected specimens are deposited in the entomological collections of the Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (LPB) and the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (MCNZ).
The classification of Curculionoidea families and subfamilies follows KUSCHEL (1995). The system (including all taxonomic information) of Curculionidae (except for Scolytinae and Platypodinae), Brentidae and Nemonychidae follows ALONSO-ZARAZAGA & LYAL (1999), the system of Scolytinae and Platypodinae follows BRIGHT & SKIDMORE (1997) and WOOD & BRIGHT (1992).
For the elaboration of the key specimens of our field study were used and the following literature was consulted: EGGERS (1928), KUSCHEL (1966, 1995, 2000) KUSCHEL & MAY (1997), MECKE (2000, 2002, 2004), SCHEDL (1972), WOOD (1982, 1986) and WOOD & BRIGHT (1992). Unless otherwise indicated measurements of body length exclude the rostrum. Rostrum length is measured laterally from the front margin of the eyes to the distal margin of the epistome.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The currently known Curculionoidea associated with Araucaria angustifolia trees belong to 43 species of 23 genera of the families Nemonychidae, Brentidae and Curculionidae (Tab. I). Within the family Curculionidae the four subfamilies Curculioninae, Cossoninae, Scolytinae and Platypodinae are represented. The following key enables the identification of adult weevils found on this tree species.
Key to the genera or species of Curculionoidea associated with Araucaria angustifolia
Nemonychidae, Rhinorhynchinae, Mecomacerini
Brarus mystes Kuschel, 1997
Known from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (KUSCHEL & MAY 1997, MECKE et al. 2001). Very common and in high abundances on male cones of Araucaria angustifolia. Adults and larvae pollen-feeding (KUSCHEL & MAY 1997).
Rhynchitoplesius eximius (Voss, 1937)
Rhynchitomacer eximius Voss, 1937
Known from Paraná and São Paulo. Larvae develop in male cones of Araucaria angustifolia feeding on pollen. When male cone is liberating pollen, larvae leave the cone and hide themselves in the soil. Pupation 5-8 months later in the soil (COSTA et al. 1988, KUSCHEL & MAY 1997).
Brentidae, Taphroderinae
Taphroderes sahlbergi (Sharp, 1895)
Abactrus sahlbergi Sharp, 1895
Known from Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2001) and the city "Santa Rita" (SHARP 1895; we are not able to indicate the Brazilian federal state as there are about 15 Santa Rita in Brazil). Adults enter existing galleries (e.g. from bark beetle Corthylus praealtus) in dead Araucaria angustifolia branches to lay their eggs. Larval tunnels 3.5-4.5 cm long with increasing diameter. At the end, larvae turn back and pupate about 2 cm from the entrance of their own gallery. Galleries filled with a clear and strongly compressed frass. Emerging adults pass through the existing gallery to escape (MECKE et al. 2001).
Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Hylobiini
Heilipodus tuberculatus (Boheman, 1836)
Heilipus tuberculatus Boheman, 1836
Known from Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2000, 2001). Since H. tuberculatus was formerly placed into the genus Heilipus Germar, 1824 (WIBMER & O'BRIEN 1986), it might be the same species mentioned by ZAJCIW (1962) as "Heilipus sp." from Araucaria angustifolia in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The larvae developed under the bark of felled Araucaria trees, shrubs or dead branches, adults emerged from December-June (MECKE et al. 2001, ZAJCIW 1962).
Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Petalochilini
Spermologus rufus Boheman, 1843
Known from Brazil (Minas Gerais) and Argentina (BARRETO et al. 1999, WIBMER & O'BRIEN 1986). Larvae develop inside the seeds of Araucaria angustifolia and seeds of several other plants like Theobroma cacao Linné (Sterculiaceae) or Virola oleifera Schott (Myristicaceae) (BARRETO & DOS ANJOS 2002, BARRETO et al. 1999, BONDAR 1943).
Curculionidae, Cossoninae, Araucariini
Araucarius brasiliensis Kuschel, 1966
Known from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2000, KUSCHEL 1966). Adults and larvae in the phloem of dead Araucaria angustifolia branches, rarely found in the phloem of dead trunks. Larvae and adults phloeophagous, for pupation larvae drill a short tunnel into the wood. Pupae found in sealed holes with head towards exit. Adults emerged across the whole year with a maximum from November to January (MECKE et al. 2000, 2001).
Araucarius crassipunctatus Mecke, 2000
Known from Rio Grande do Sul. Adults and larvae in the phloem of dead Araucaria angustifolia branches, rarely found in the phloem of dead trunks. Larvae and adults phloeophagous. Adults emerged from October February with a maximum in December (MECKE 2000, MECKE et al. 2000, 2001).
Araucarius kuscheli Mecke, 2000
Known from Rio Grande do Sul. Adults and larvae in the phloem of dead Araucaria angustifolia branches. Larvae and adults phloeophagous. Adults emerged across the whole year with maximums in October and January/February (MECKE 2000, MECKE et al. 2000, 2001).
Araucarius ruehmi Kuschel, 1966
Known from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2000, KUSCHEL 1966). Adults and larvae in the phloem of dead Araucaria angustifolia branches, rarely found in the phloem of dead trunks. Larvae and adults phloeophagous. Adults emerged from October to February (MECKE et al. 2000, 2001).
Curculionidae, Cossoninae, Onycholipini
Eurycorynophorus scabriculus Voss, 1964
Known from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2000, VOSS 1964). Adults and larvae mine in the wood of dead branches, probably xylomycetophagous. Galleries very similar to those of Scolytinae, comprising a parental gallery, egg-niches and larval tunnels. Adults emerged from Araucaria angustifolia wood samples (branches) from August to February (MECKE et al. 2000, 2001).
Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Tomicini
Several authors included the following species of the genus Xylechinosomus Schedl, 1963 into Pteleobius Bedel, 1888 and most records relate to that genus (SCHEDL 1966a, b, 1976, SCHÖNHERR 1994, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981, PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985). However, according to WOOD & BRIGHT (1992) the correct position of these species is in the genus Xylechinosomus.
Xylechinosomus brasiliensis (Schedl, 1951)
Pseudohylesinus brasiliensis Schedl, 1951
Synonym: Xylechinosomus araucariae Schedl, 1963.
Known from Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina (MECKE et al. 2000, SCHEDL 1963, 1976). Monogamous and phloeophagous (WOOD 1986). Galleries in the phloem of Araucaria angustifolia branches (MECKE et al. 2000, 2001, SCHEDL 1966a).
Xylechinosomus contractus (Chapuis, 1873)
Hylastes contractus Chapuis, 1873
Synonym: Xylechinus taunayi Eggers, 1928.
Known from Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (EGGERS 1928, MECKE et al. 2000, 2001, SCHEDL 1966b, 1976, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981). Monogamous and phloeophagous (WOOD 1986). Galleries in the phloem of branches or dead trunks or inside of seeds (MECKE et al. 2001, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981). It has been also found in the bark of Pinaceae (Pinus spp.) (SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981), Ulmaceae (Trema sp.), Phytolaccaceae (Phytolacca dioica Linné) (Schedl 1966b).
Xylechinosomus hirsutus Schedl, 1963
Known from Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina (MECKE et al. 2000, 2001, SCHEDL 1963, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981). Monogamous and phloeophagous (Wood 1986). Galleries in the phloem of Araucaria angustifolia branches or inside of buds or seeds (MECKE et al. 2001, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Xylechinosomus lucianae Mecke, 2004
Known from Rio Grande do Sul, where it was very abundant under the bark of small branches and twigs of Araucaria angustifolia (MECKE et al. 2001, MECKE 2004).
Xylechinosomus minimus Schedl, 1963
Known from Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo (MECKE et al. 2000, 2001, PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985, SCHEDL 1963, 1976). Monogamous and phloeophagous (WOOD 1986). Galleries mostly in the phloem of branches, sometimes also in the phloem of dead trunks, inside of seeds or in male cones (MECKE et al. 2001, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Xylechinosomus paranaensis (Schönherr, 1994)
Pteleobius paranaensis Schönherr, 1994
Known from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2001, SCHÖNHERR 1994) Monogamous and phloeophagous (WOOD 1986). Galleries mostly in the phloem of branches, sometimes also in the bark of dead trunks (MECKE et al. 2001, SCHÖNHERR 1994).
Xylechinosomus pilosus Wood, 1985
Known from Paraná, where two specimens, the holo- and one allotype were taken in Araucaria angustifolia bark (WOOD 1985).
Xylechinosomus sachtlebeni Schedl, 1963
Known from Santa Catarina (SCHEDL 1963). Monogamous and phloeophagous (WOOD 1986). SCHÖNHERR (1994) and WOOD (1986) affirmed that all Xylechinosomus species are phloeophagous in Araucaria species (A. angustifolia in Brazil/Argentina and A. araucana in Chile/Argentina) but there is no confirmed host record for X. sachtlebeni.
Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Bothrosternini
Cnesinus dividuus Schedl, 1938
Synonyms: Cnesinus dryographus Schedl, 1951; C. laevicollis Schedl, 1951.
Known from Bahia, Minas Gerais, Paraná and Santa Catarina (PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985, SCHEDL 1951a, 1976, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). WOOD (1986) indicates, that most species of Cnesinus LeConte, 1868 are "myelophagous except that one is partly phloeophagous". PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR (1985) found beetles of C. dividuus "in Araucaria angustifolia". It is also known from Malvaceae (Gossypium sp.) (SCHEDL 1966b) and has been caught in Eucalyptus dunii Maiden (Myrtaceae) and Pinus caribea Linné (Pinaceae) reforestations (PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985).
Pagiocerus punctatus Eggers, 1928
Known from Mato Grosso, Paraná and Santa Catarina (EGGERS 1928, SCHEDL 1966b, 1976). WOOD (1986) indicates, that all species of Pagiocerus Eichhoff, 1868 are spermophagous but SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO (1981) found P. punctatus developing in male cones of Araucaria angustifolia. It is also known from trunks of Luehea divaricata Martius (Tiliaceae) and from trunks and seeds of Ocotea porosa Nees & Martius and O. puberula Rich. (Lauraceae) (SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Phloeotribini
Phloeotribus argentinensis (Schedl, 1951)
Phthorophloeus argentinensis Schedl, 1951
Known from Santa Catarina, Brazil and Misiones, Argentina (SCHEDL 1977, VIANA 1965, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). According to WOOD (1986) all Phloeotribini are monogamous and phloeophagous, but VIANA (1965) recorded this species feeding on seeds of Araucaria angustifolia.
Phloeotribus cylindricus Schedl, 1951
Known from Santa Catarina, Brazil and Misiones, Argentina and (VIANA 1965, SCHEDL 1951a, 1958). VIANA (1965) found P. cylindricus in branches of Araucaria angustifolia.
Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Xyleborini
Ambrosiodmus catharinensis (Eggers, 1928)
Xyleborus catharinensis Eggers, 1928
Known from Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (EGGERS 1928, MECKE et al. 2001, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981). MECKE et al. (2001) recorded this xylomycetophagous species from Araucaria angustifolia branches in Rio Grande do Sul, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO (1981) from Cedrela fissilis Vellozo (Meliaceae) and Pinus elliottii Engelm. (Pinaceae).
Xyleborinus linearicollis (Schedl, 1937)
Xyleborus linearicollis Schedl, 1937
Known from Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo and from Buenos Aires, Argentina (SCHEDL 1958, 1966b, 1976, PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985). Galleries in branches of Araucaria angustifolia and in Eucalyptus robusta Smith, E. camaldulensis Dehnh., E. tereticornis Smith (Myrtaceae) and Pinus elliottii (Pinaceae) (BRIGHT & SKIDMORE 1997, SCHEDL 1966b, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Xyleborinus sentosus (Eichhoff, 1868)
Xyleborus sentosus Eichhoff, 1868
Known from Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Ceará, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Paraguay and Peru (SCHEDL 1951b, 1966b, 1976, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). SCHEDL (1966a) recorded this species from Araucaria angustifolia in Santa Catarina, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO (1981) from Cedrela fissilis.
Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864
All of the several hundred species belonging to the genus Xyleborus are consanguineously polygynous and xylomycetophagous (WOOD 1986). Therefore, all species are at least oligo- or even polyphagous.
WOOD & BRIGHT (1992) listed in their catalog Araucaria angustifolia as a host for Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston, 1857). But as this bark beetle species has never been recorded from South America (BRIGHT & SKIDMORE 1997, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992), it has been cited erroneously in the host list or has been found on planted trees.
Xyleborus adelographus Eichhoff, 1868
Synonyms: Xyleborus vitiosus Schedl, 1940; X. accomodatus Schedl, 1966.
Known from Argentina, Brazil, Cayenne, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay (WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). Developing in seeds of Araucaria angustifolia. Also recorded from Pinus elliottii (Pinaceae) (SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981) and Couma macrocarpa Barb. Rodr. (Apocynaceae) (WOOD & BRIGHT 1992).
Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, 1867
Synonyms: Xyleborus sacchari Hopkins, 1915; X. subaffinis Eggers, 1933; X. societatis Beeson, 1935; X. proximus Eggers, 1943.
Nearly worldwide distributed (except for Europe) and extremely polyphagous with over 270 angio- and gymnospermous host species (WOOD 1982, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). SCHEDL (1976) recorded this species from Araucaria angustifolia in Paraná.
Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius, 1801)
Bostrichus ferrugineus Fabricius, 1801
Synonyms: Xyleborus fuscatus Eichhoff, 1868; X. impressus Eichhoff, 1868; X. confusus Eichhoff, 1868; X. retusicollis Zimmermann, 1868; X. bispinatus Eichhoff, 1868; X. amplicollis Eichhoff, 1869; X. insularis Sharp, 1885; X. tanganus Hagedorn, 1910; X. soltaui Hopkins, 1915; X. nyssae Hopkins, 1915; X. hopkinsi Beeson, 1929; X. argentinensis Schedl, 1931; X. rufopiceus Eggers, 1932; X. schedli Eggers, 1934; X. nesianus Beeson, 1940; X. notatus Eggers, 1941; X. subitus Schedl, 1948.
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical American and African regions. Polyphagous with about 200 host species and considered to be one of the most destructive bark beetle species in tropical regions (WOOD 1982). The beetles prefer angiospermous host trees but were also found in conifers like Araucaria angustifolia and Pinus elliottii. In Araucaria trees the galleries were in the branches and inside of female cones (SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius, 1775)
Bostrichus volvulus Fabricius, 1775
Synonyms: Xyleborus torquatus Eichhoff, 1868; X. alternans Eichhoff, 1869; X. badius Eichhoff, 1869; X. interstitialis Eichhoff, 1878; X. guanaguatensis Duges, 1887; X. hubbardi Hopkins, 1915; X. schwarzi Hopkins, 1915; X. rileyi Hopkins, 1915; X. grenadensis Hopkins, 1915; X. silvestris Beeson, 1929; X. vagabundus Schedl, 1948; X. granularis Schedl, 1950.
Worldwide distributed and polyphagous with about 160 gymnospermous and angiospermous host species (WOOD 1982, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992).
Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Cryphalini
Cryptocarenus seriatus Eggers, 1933
Synonyms: Cryptocarenus adustus Eggers, 1933; Tachyderes floridensis Blackman, 1943; Cryptocarenus bolivianus Eggers, 1943.
Known from North and South America from about 20 host trees (BRIGHT & SKIDMORE 1997, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO (1981) found the beetles inside of thin Araucaria angustifolia twigs.
Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood, 1836
This is a very common and worldwide distributed bark beetle, with several hundred known hosts including fungi, grasses, weeds and trees and with about 70 synonyms (WOOD 1982, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). The beetles and larvae were also found inside of thin twigs of Araucaria angustifolia (SCHEDL 1976, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Corthylini
Araptus araucariae (Schedl, 1966)
Conophthocranulus araucariae Schedl, 1966
SCHEDL (1966b) recorded this species from seeds of Araucaria angustifolia in Misiones (Argentina).
Corthylus papulans Eichhoff, 1869
Synonyms: Corthylus affinis Fonseca, 1925; C. guayanensis Eggers, 1933; C. tomentosus Schedl, 1940.
Known from Antilles Islands, North and South America (MECKE et al. 2000, PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985, SCHEDL 1967, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). Polyphagous in several angiospermous host trees (BRIGHT & SKIDMORE 1997, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). Found also in the wood of Araucaria angustifolia branches (MECKE et al. 2001).
Corthylus praealtus Schedl, 1976
Known from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2000, SCHEDL 1976). Galleries in branches of Araucaria angustifolia. Parental tunnel circling around the centre of the branch, larval tunnels branching off parallel to the surface. Males building the entrance tunnel, females enter later and help to remove the frass. Immature adults with their heads to the closed ends of the larval cradles, emerging backwards through the parental tunnel (MECKE et al. 2001).
Corthylus rufopilosus Eggers, 1931
Known from Santa Catarina, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul (EGGERS 1931, MECKE et al. 2000, SCHEDL 1954). Galleries in branches of Araucaria angustifolia. Parental tunnel circling around the centre of the branch, larval tunnels branching off parallel to the surface. Immature adults with their heads at the closed ends of the larval cradles, emerging backwards through the parental tunnel. Galleries very similar to those of C. praealtus but with smaller diameter (MECKE et al. 2001).
Monarthrum brasiliensis (Schedl, 1936)
Anchonocerus brasiliensis Schedl, 1936
Known from Paraná and Santa Catarina. Larval development inside of female cones of Araucaria angustifolia. (PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Pityophthorus anticus Schedl, 1976
Known from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (MECKE et al. 2001, SCHEDL 1976). Larvae develop in branches of young Araucaria angustifolia trees as well as inside of male and female cones. Also found in branches of Ocotea puberula and Pinus elliottii (MECKE et al. 2001, PEDROSA-MACEDO & SCHÖNHERR 1985, SCHEDL 1976).
Curculionidae, Platypodinae, Tesserocerini
Cenocephalus thoracicus Chapuis, 1865
Known from Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina (Chapuis 1865). SCHEDL (1966a) recorded this species from trunks of Araucaria angustifolia in Santa Catarina.
Tesserocerus guerini Chapuis, 1865
Known from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayenne and French Guyana (SCHEDL 1970, 1972, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). According to SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO (1981) it is "probable", that this species also develops in Araucaria angustifolia and WOOD & BRIGHT (1992) listed A. angustifolia as a host for T. guerini but were supposedly referring to SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA MACEDO (1981). Therefore it remains doubtful whether T. guerini accepts Araucaria angustifolia as a host tree or not. Confirmed hosts for this species are Cedrela fissilis (Meliaceae), Eschweilera sagotiana Miers (Lecythidaceae) and Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae) (WOOD & BRIGHT 1992).
Tesserocerus insignis Saunders, 1936
Synonyms: Tesserocerus bihamatus Guérin-Meneville, 1838; Tesseroplatypus ursus Schedl, 1935.
Known from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay (SCHEDL 1966a, b, 1970, 1972, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). SCHEDL (1966a) recorded this species from trunks of Araucaria angustifolia in Santa Catarina. Another host is Cedrela fissilis (Meliaceae) (SCHEDL 1976, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Curculionidae, Platypodinae, Platypodini
Platypus araucariae Schedl, 1966
Known from Amazonas, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (SCHEDL 1966a, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981). Galleries in trunks of Araucaria angustifolia and Anacardium occidentale Linné (Anacardiaceae) (SCHEDL 1966a, b). Parental galleries horizontally, deep in the wood, larval tunnels vertically (SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
Platypus mutatus Chapuis, 1865
Synonyms: Platypus sulcatus Chapuis, 1865; P. plicatus Brèthes, 1909.
Known from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayenne, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venzuela (SCHEDL 1950, 1951b, 1966b, 1976, 1977, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). Mostly angiospermous hosts (SCHEDL 1950, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO (1981) recorded this species from trunks of Araucaria angustifolia in Paraná. The galleries with a diameter of 2.5-3 mm are organized in horizontal systems.
Platypus parallelus (Fabricius, 1801)
Bostrichus parallelus Fabricius, 1801
Synonyms: Platypus linearis Stephens, 1830; P. poeyi Guerin-Meneville, 1838; P. subcostatus Jacquelin-Duval, 1857; P. dejeani Chapuis, 1865; P. marseuli Chapuis, 1865; P. proximus Chapuis, 1865; P. compressus Chapuis, 1865; P. regularis Chapuis, 1865; P. rugulosus Chapuis, 1865; P. reticulatus Chapuis, 1865; P. rotundatus Chapuis, 1865; P. kraatzi Chapuis, 1865; P. lebasi Chapuis, 1865; P. emarginatus Chapuis, 1865; P. punctulatus Chapuis, 1865; P. subaequalis Chapuis, 1865; P. wesmaeli Chapuis, 1865; P. oblongus Chapuis, 1865; P. difficilis Chapuis, 1865; P. praevius Chapuis, 1865; P. maeklini Chapuis, 1865; P. erichsoni Chapuis, 1865; P. laevicollis Chapuis, 1865; P. congoanus Duvivier, 1891; P. triquetrus Brèthes, 1909; P. mattai Brèthes, 1921.
Known from Africa, South and North America (SCHEDL 1966b, 1970, 1972, 1976, WOOD & BRIGHT 1992). Polyphagous, angio- and gymnospermous hosts (SCHEDL 1976, SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981). SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO (1981) recorded this species from Araucaria angustifolia in São Paulo and Paraná. Also found in female cones of A. angustifolia inside the seeds (SCHÖNHERR & PEDROSA-MACEDO 1981).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Access to entomological collections was kindly arranged by J.H. Pedrosa-Macedo (Departamento de Ciências Florestais, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil), J. Schönherr (Forstzoologisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Germany), H. Schönmann (Sammlung Schedl, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria) and H. Strümpel (Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universität Hamburg, Germany).
Received in 01.X.2003; accepted in 12.VII.2004.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
27 Apr 2006 -
Date of issue
Sept 2004
History
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Accepted
12 July 2004 -
Received
01 Oct 2003