Use of walking tractor powered rotary tiller in no-tillage system<sup>1</sup>

Medeiros, Fabricio Ardais; Reis, Ângelo Viera dos; Machado, Antonio Lilles Tavares; Machado, Roberto Lilles Tavares; Stefanello, Giusepe

doi:10.1590/S1806-66902015000100007

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Agricultural Engineering • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 46 (1) • Jan-Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902015000100007 copy

Use of walking tractor powered rotary tiller in no-tillage system¹

Uso de sulcadores rotativos acionados por trator de rabiças em semeadura direta

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Brazilian family farming has at its disposal planters whose furrowing mechanisms, whether disc or shank, require a large vertical force. In smaller planters, this is reflected in low efficiency when opening the furrow or in a high demand for mass (weight). Rotary furrowers require less vertical force for the same operation. This study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility and performance of rotary furrowers mounted on the powertrain of a walking tractor working under direct seeding, and compare them with shank-type furrowers using bibliographic data. The parameters used in the comparison were the depth and width of the furrow, the area of disturbed soil and the cross-sectional area of the furrow with no soil after the operation. The experiment was carried out on wheat stubble that had lain fallow for six months. Twelve treatments were employed in a factorial design: three models of rotary furrowers, two values for revolutions per unit of linear displacement, and two forward speeds. The variable, cross-sectional area of the furrow with no soil, was statistically affected only by the factor, furrower. However there was significant interaction between the factors, furrower, revolutions per metre and speed, for the variables of depth, furrow width and area of disturbed soil. The values obtained for the variables of width, depth and disturbed area in the cross-section of the furrows, with the three types of rotary furrowers driven by the powertrain of a walking tractor, were similar to those generated by shank-type furrowers.

Seed furrow; Sowing depth; No-tillage system

Treatment	Furrower	Number of revolutions per unit of linear displacement (rev m^-1)	Speed (km h^-1)	Furrower Rotation (rpm)
1	R	5.8	2.77	263
2	R	5.8	3.88	379
3	R	7.9	2.77	360
4	R	7.9	3.88	514
5	S	5.8	2.77	263
6	S	5.8	3.88	379
7	S	7.9	2.77	360
8	S	7.9	3.88	514
9	X	5.8	2.77	263
10	X	5.8	3.88	379
11	X	7.9	2.77	360
12	X	7.9	3.88	514

	Texture (kg.kg^-1)			Cone index (kPa)		Water content (kg kg^-1)	Vegetation cover dry
	Sand	Silt	Clay	0-60 mm	60-120 mm	0-120 mm	weight (kg ha^-1)
Mean	63.19	20.78	16.03	140.04	1058.05	0.13	6725.00
SD	3.54	2.23	4.26	117.55	349.82	0.01	1653.80
CV	5.60	10.74	26.60	83.94	33.06	5.07	24.59

Test	----------------------------Lilliefors---------------------------				--------------Shapiro-Wilk---------------
Variable	Value	Crit.Val.	p-value	Normal	Value	p-value	Normal
Depth	0.10848	0.12788	p>0.15	Yes	0.95750	0.07997	Yes
Disturbed area	0.10219	0.12788	p>0.15	Yes	0.94064	0.01718	No
Width	0.13293	0.12788	p<0.05	No	0.92135	0.00332	No
Width1/2	0.10704	0.12788	p>0.15	Yes	0.94562	0.02684	No
Void area	0.21679	0.12788	p<0.01	No	0.81002	0.00000	No
Void area1/2	0.13409	0.12788	p<0.05	No	0.96198	0,12142	Yes

Factor of variation	Furrow depth (mm)
Factor of variation	DF	SS	MS	F	p
Type of furrower	2	1,472.04	736.02	5.65 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	0.0078
Revolutions per metre covered	1	2,596.02	2,596.02	19.93 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	<0.001
Forward speed	1	623.52	623.52	4.79 ^* * significant at 5% (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05).	<0.001
Furrower x Revolutions/m	2	4,465.29	2,232.65	17.14 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	0.0359
Furrower x Speed	2	130.04	65.02	0.50 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Revolutions/m x Speed	1	1,131.02	1,131.02	8.68 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	0.0059
Furrower x Revolutions/m x Speed	2	35.79	17.90	0.14 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Treatments	11	10,453.73	950.34	7.30 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	<0.001
Blocks	3	484.90	161.63	1.24 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.3106
Residual	33	15,236.98	130.25	-	-
Factor of variation	Disturbed area in the cross section of the furrow (mm²)
Factor of variation	DF	SS	MS	F	p
Type of furrower	2	84,861,791.29	42,430,895.65	40.08 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	<0.001
Revolutions per metre covered	1	10,152,200.52	10,152,200.52	9.59 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	0.0040
Forward speed	1	4,582,470.02	4,582,470.02	4.33 ^* * significant at 5% (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05).	0.0223
Furrower x Revolutions/m	2	9,054,108.79	4,527,054.40	4.28 ^* * significant at 5% (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05).	0.0453
Furrower x Speed	2	3,752,204.54	1,876,102.27	1.77 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.1857
Revolutions/m x Speed	1	2,493,864.19	2,493,864.19	2.36 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.1342
Furrower x Rev./m x Speed	2	1,152,410.38	576,205.19	0.54 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Treatments	11	116,049,049.73	10,549,913.61	9.97 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	<0.001
Blocks	3	1,837,854.40	612,618.13	0.58 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Residual	33	34,932,034.85	1,058,546.51	-	-
Factor of variation	Square root of the width of the furrow (mm)
Factor of variation	DF	SS	MS	F	p
Type of furrower	2	51.86	25.93	70.03 ^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	<0.001
Revolutions per metre covered	1	0.00	0.00	0.00 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Forward speed	1	0.74	0.74	2.01 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.0637
Furrower x Revolutions/m	2	2.21	1.11	3.00 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.166
Furrower x Speed	2	1.11	0.55	1.50 ^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.2385
Revolutions/m x Speed	1	0.00	0.00	0.00 ns	>0.050
Furrower x Rev./m x Speed	2	1.27	0.63	1.71 ns	0.1961
Treatments	11	57.20	5.20	14.04^ significant at 1% (p<0.01).	<0.001
Blocks	3	5.46	1.82	4.91 ^* * significant at 5% (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05).	0.0062
Residual	33	12.22	0.37	-	-
Factor of variation	Square root of the void area in the furrow (mm²)
Factor of variation	DF	SS	MS	F	p
Type of furrower	2	1593.09	796.55	3.39 ^* * significant at 5% (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05).	0.0457
Revolutions per metre covered	1	385.79	385.79	1.64^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.2087
Forward speed	1	438.99	438.99	1.87^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.0759
Furrower x Revolutions/m	2	1310.38	655.19	2.79^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.1806
Furrower x Speed	2	1024.05	512.02	2.18^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	0.1290
Revolutions/m x Speed	1	226.29	226.29	0.96^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Furrower x Rev./m x Speed	2	460.18	230.09	0.98^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Treatments	11	5438.76	494.43	2.11 ^* * significant at 5% (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05).	0.0486
Blocks	3	520.02	173.34	0.74^ns ns not significant (p ≥ 0.05)	>0.050
Residual	33	7749.42	234.83	-	-

Revolutions per metre	Type of furrower			Speed (kmh^-1)
Revolutions per metre	R	S	X	2.77	3.88
5.8	80.1 bA	64.5 bB	85.3 aA	68.2 bB	85.1 aA
7.9	103.4 aA	97.4 aA	73.3 bB	92.6 aA	90.1 aA

Furrower	Furrow width (mm)	Furrow width^1/2	Area of no soil (mm²)	Area of no soil^1/2	Nominal width of furrower (mm)
R	61.63	7.82 b^* Means with the same lowercase letters in a column do not differ at 5% significance by Tukey* or Scott-Knott** test	530.06	(18.02 b^** Means with the same lowercase letters in a column do not differ at 5% significance by Tukey* or Scott-Knott** test )	27.60
S	91.94	9.55 a^* Means with the same lowercase letters in a column do not differ at 5% significance by Tukey* or Scott-Knott** test	1,393.06	(31.06 a^** Means with the same lowercase letters in a column do not differ at 5% significance by Tukey* or Scott-Knott** test )	85.60
X	50.25	7.07 c^* Means with the same lowercase letters in a column do not differ at 5% significance by Tukey* or Scott-Knott** test	977.63	(29.23 a^** Means with the same lowercase letters in a column do not differ at 5% significance by Tukey* or Scott-Knott** test )	27.40

Type of furrower	Revolutions per meter
Type of furrower	5.8	7.9
R	3,782.5 bB	5,141.0 bA
S	5,251.0 aB	6,945.1 aA
X	2,987.8 bA	2,694.5 cA

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E-mail: ccarev@ufc.br

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Use of walking tractor powered rotary tiller in no-tillage system1

Uso de sulcadores rotativos acionados por trator de rabiças em semeadura direta

Use of walking tractor powered rotary tiller in no-tillage system¹