Proposal of descriptors for the characterisation of <i>Jatropha curcas</i>

Reis, Marcus Vinícius Magro dos; Damasceno Junior, Pedro Corrêa; Dias, Luiz Antônio dos Santos; Antoniassi, Rosemar; Pinto, Tatiana de Oliveira; Abboud, Antônio Carlos de Souza

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20220026

Marcus Vinícius Magro dos Reis

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia, Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica-RJ, Brasil, marcus.ufrrj@gamail.com, tatianaoliveira91@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-0230

Pedro Corrêa Damasceno Junior^**Author for correspondence

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica-RJ, Brasil, damascenojunior2009@gmail.com, abboud@ufrrj.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8879-4850

Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias

Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, Viçosa-MG, Brasil, lasdias@ufv.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1828-6938

Rosemar Antoniassi

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil, rosemar.antoniassi@embrapa.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-9877

Tatiana de Oliveira Pinto

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia, Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica-RJ, Brasil, marcus.ufrrj@gamail.com, tatianaoliveira91@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1039-9233

Antônio Carlos de Souza Abboud

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica-RJ, Brasil, damascenojunior2009@gmail.com, abboud@ufrrj.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6054-071X

Editor do artigo: Prof. Alek Sandro Dutra - alekdutra@ufc.br

*Author for correspondence

Quantitative descriptors:

CPA - Crown projection area: evaluated from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The CPA (in square metres) is determined using the following estimator:

CPA=[(CPAn+ CPAs)×(CPAe+CPAw)]2

CPAe - Eastern projection of the crown: evaluated from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The CPAe (in meters) is measured from the central region of the base of the stem to the maximum projection of the branch in an easterly direction.

CPAn - Northern projection of the crown: evaluated from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The CPAn (in meters) is measured from the central region of the base of the stem to the maximum projection of the branch in a northerly direction.

CPAs - Southern projection of the crown: evaluated from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The CPAs (in meters) is measured from the central region of the base of the stem to the maximum projection of the branch in a southerly direction.

CPAw - Western projection of the crown: evaluated from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The CPAw (in meters) is measured from the central region of the base of the stem to the maximum projection of the branch in a westerly direction.

DPH - Height of developed plants: assessed from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The DPH (in centimetres) is measured from the base of the stem (ground) to the upper end of the tallest branch.

ILBI - Internode length of branches with an inflorescence: assessed from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The ILBI (in centimetres) is determined from the mean length of the internodes measured on the three longest branches containing an inflorescence. Four internodes are measured on the median part of each branch with an inflorescence. For plants with erect architecture and no branches, the ILBI is given by the mean value of the four internodes on the median part of the stem, providing it contains an inflorescence.

ILPB - Length of the internode of primary branches: assessed from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The ILPB (in centimetres) is determinedby the mean length of the internodes measured on the three longest primary branches on the plant. Six internodes are measured on the median part of each primary branch. For plants with erect architecture and no branches, the ILPB is given by the mean value of the measurements of six internodes on the middle part of the stem.

LBI - Length of branches with an inflorescence: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The LBI (in centimetres) is determined by the mean value of the length of the three longest branches containing an inflorescence, measured from the base of the branch close to the ground to its upper end. For plants with erect architecture and no branches, the LBI is given by the height of the plant, measured from the base of the stem close to the ground to the upper end of the single branch, providing the branch contains an inflorescence.

LIA - Leaf insertion angle: evaluated at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The LIA is determined by the mean value in degrees of the measurements of 10 fully developed leaves, measured between the leaf insertion (petiole) and the stem.

LL - Leaf Length: assessed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. LL (in centimetres) is determined from the mean length of 10 fully developed leaves per plant.

LLWR - Leaf length-width ratio: assessed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The LLWR is determined from the ratio of leaf length (LL) to leaf width (LW).

LPB - Length of the primary branches: Evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The LPB (in centimetres) is determined from the mean length of the three longest primary branches, measured from the base of the branch close to the ground and its upper end. For plants with erect architecture and no branches, the LPB is given by the height of the plant, measured from the base of the stem close to the ground to its upper end.

LW - Leaf Width: assessed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The LW (in centimetres) is determined from the mean width of 10 fully developed leaves per plant.

MPL - Mean length of the petiole: assessed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The MPL (in centimetres) is determined from the mean value of the length of the petiole in 10 fully developed leaves per plant.

NBI - Number of branches with an inflorescence: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The NBI is determined by quantifying the total number of branches that have at least one inflorescence.

NLL - Number of lobes per leaf: assessed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The NLL is obtained by quantifying the lobes in 10 fully developed leaves per plant.

STD - Stem diameter: Assessed from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The STD (in centimetres) is measured in the region of the collar at a maximum height of 10 cm from the base of the stem in the ground.

TNB - Total number of branches: assessed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The TNB is determined by quantifying the total number of branches on the plant.

Multi-category descriptors:

ARC - Plant architecture: observed from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. ARC can assume the following states: 1 - Upright; 2- Closed; 3 - Open. Plants with Erect ARC have no branches in the lower third of the plant. Plants with Closed ARC have branches in the lower third of the plant.

BRA - Type of branching: observed from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. BRA can assume the following states: 0- No branching; 1- Monopodial; 2- Dichasial; 3- Sympodial.

BRC - Colour of the branches: observed from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The BRC is observed disregarding the presence of waxiness on the branch. BRC can assume the following states: 1- Green 2-Dark green; 3- Gray; 4- Purple; 5- Blue.

DLC - Colour of developed leaves: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The DLC is observed on the upper (adaxial) face of the leaf blade in a representative sample of 10 fully developed leaves per plant. DLC can assume the following states: 1- Light green; 2- Green; 3- Dark green; 4- Purple; 5- Red.

LVC - Colour of the leaf vein: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The LVC is observed on the upper surface (adaxial) of the leaf blade in a sample of 10 fully developed leaves per plant. LVC can assume the following states: 1- Green; 2- Purple; 3- Red.

PEC - Colour of the petiole: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The PEC is observed in a representative sample of 10 fully developed leaves per plant. PEC can assume the following states: 1- Green; 2-Greenish purple; 3- Purple; 4- Red.

STC - Colour of the stem: observed from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The STC is observed in the median region, ignoring the presence of wax. STC can assume the following states: 1- Green, 2- Dark green; 3- Grey; 4- Purple; 5- Blue.

YLC - Colour of the young leaves: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The YLC is observed on the upper (adaxial) face of the leaf blade in a representative sample of 10 young leaves per plant. YLC can assume the following states: 1- Light green; 2- Green; 3- Dark green; 4- Purple; 5- Red.

Binary descriptor:

WAX - Waxiness on the plant: observed from the end of the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The plant is classified according to the presence or absence of waxiness on the stem and other branches. WAX can assume the following states: 0- Absence; 1- Presence.

Quantitative descriptors:

DSW - Mean dry-seed weight per plant: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The DSW (in grams) is determined from the mean weight of all the seeds relative to the total number of seeds produced, weighed at a low moisture content of 12% after drying for approximately 72 hours at a temperature of 37 °C in an oven. The DSW can also be determined by the mean weight of 100 seeds, with 12% moisture, after drying for approximately 72 hours at a temperature of 37 °C in an oven.

FL - Fruit length: assessed from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. FL (in centimetres) is determined from the mean length of a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 50 yellow (ripe) fruit from different, randomly defined branches.

FLWR - Fruit length-width ratio: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The FLWR is determined from the ratio between the length of the fruit (FL) and the width of the fruit (FW).

FW - Fruit width: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The FW (in centimetres) is determined from the mean width of a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 50 yellow (ripe) fruit from different randomly defined branches on the plant.

GPP - Grain production per plant: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The GPP (in g plant-1) is obtained by multiplying the number of seeds per plant (NSP) by the weight of dry seeds (DSW) per plant.

HFI - Height of the first inflorescence: assessed as soon as the reproductive cycle of the plant begins. The HFI (in centimetres) is given by measuring from the base of the stem close to the ground to the lowest inflorescence (first inflorescence) on the plant.

LIP - Length of the inflorescence peduncle: evaluated from the first fruiting. The LIP (in centimetres) is determined from the mean length of the peduncle of 10 inflorescences per plant.

MFW - Mean fruit weight: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The MFW (in grams) is determined from the mean weight of a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 50 yellow fruit produced by the plant.

NFP - Number of fruit per plant: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The NFP is determined by quantifying the total number of fruit produced by the plant.

NSF - Number of seeds per fruit: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The NSF is determined from the ratio between the number of seeds from the fruit used in measuring the NFP (number of fruit per plant) and the value of the NFP itself.

NSP - Number of seeds per plant: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The NSP is obtained by quantifying the total number of seeds produced by the plant.

OPP - Oil production per plant: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The OPP (in g.plant¹) is obtained by multiplying the value for grain production per plant (GPP) by the seed oil content on a dry basis (SOC).

PFF - Period of fruit formation: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The PFF is obtained by quantifying the days elapsed between floral anthesis and the formation of the first completely yellow (ripe) fruit on the plant.

SL - Mean seed length: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The SL (in centimetres) is determined from the mean length of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 50 seeds per plant.

SLWR - Seed length-width ratio: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The SLWR is obtained from the ratio between the length of the seed (SL) to the width of the seed (SW).

SOC - Seed oil content on a dry basis: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The seeds of fruit at the yellow stage are removed and dried until reaching 12% moisture. The oil is extracted in a Soxhlet extractor for 16 hours, using petroleum ether at 30°C-60°C as a solvent. The solvent is removed under a stream of nitrogen. The SOC (as a percentage) is obtained via lipid determination, based on method 945.38 of the Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2010)ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18. ed. Maryland: AOAC International, 2010. 1298p..

SW - Seed Width: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The SW (in centimetres) is determined from the mean width of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 50 seeds per plant.

TNI - Total number of inflorescences: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle. The TNI is obtained by quantifying (counting) all inflorescences on the plant throughout its reproductive cycle.

UFM - Uniformity of fruit maturation: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The UFM is determined by the mean total number of yellow (ripe) fruit in relation to the total number of fruit [green, greenish yellow (ripe) and black (dry)] counted per bunch per plant and expressed as a percentage.

Multi-category descriptors:

CSE - Colour of the seeds: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The SC should be observed in a representative sample of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 50 seeds per plant. CSE should assume the following states: 1- Brown; 2- Black; 3- Purple; 4- Red.

FS - Shape of the fruit: observed from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The FS should be observed in a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 50 yellow (ripe) fruit. FS should assume the following states: 1- Elliptical; 2- Oval; 3- Triangular.

NLF - Number of locules per fruit: evaluated from the first reproductive cycle of the plant. The NLF is observed in a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 50 yellow (ripe) fruit, and should assume the following states: 1- Unilocular; 2-Bilocular; 3- Trilocular; 4- Tetra-locular. The plant will assume the state that largely prevails after analysis.

SPT - Seed Pattern: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The SPT should be observed in a representative sample of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 50 seeds per plant. SPT should assume the following states: 1- Single colour; 2- Brindled; 3- Spotted; 4- Speckled.

STX - Seed Texture: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The STX should be observed in a representative sample of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 50 seeds per plant. The STX should assume the following states: 1- Smooth; 2- Rough; 3- Wrinkled.

Binary Descriptors:

CAR - Seed caruncle: observed at any stage during the development cycle of the plant. The CAR should be observed in a representative sample of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 50 seeds per plant. CAR should assume the following states: 0- Absence; 1- Presence.

Variable	Mean	Minimum	Maximum	CV%	Variance	SD
DPH	246.18	210.00	305.00	9.10	502.15	22.41
CPA	4.42	1.89	9.15	33.80	2.23	1.49
CPAn	1.60	0.96	2.35	17.71	0.08	0.28
CPAs	1.38	0.80	2.00	20.03	0.07	0.28
CPAe	1.41	0.91	2.30	22.80	0.10	0.32
CPAw	1.35	0.81	2.31	24.58	0.11	0.33
STD	11.28	8.70	13.80	9.26	1.09	1.04
TNB	29.32	13.00	44.00	24.98	53.65	7.32
NBI	22.62	8.00	38.00	31.86	51.93	7.20
LPB	182.56	141.00	255.00	16.03	856.21	29.26
ILPB	1.47	1.00	2.00	17.12	0.06	0.25
LBI	74.52	45.00	124.00	19.78	217.17	14.74
ILBI	1.76	1.08	2.72	18.92	0.11	0.33
NLL	4.63	3.00	5.00	16.84	0.61	0.78
LIA	133.20	112.00	153.00	6.48	74.43	8.63
MPL	14.57	8.30	19.60	14.70	4.59	2.14
LL	12.74	8.80	14.40	7.53	0.92	0.96
LW	12.96	8.60	15.40	8.49	1.21	1.10
LLWR	0.98	0.86	1.10	4.36	0.01	0.04

Variable	Mean	Minimum	Maximum	CV%	Variance	SD
HFI	92.63	30.00	145.00	27.19	634.37	25.19
LIP	2.49	1.50	7.40	30.76	0.58	0.76
TNI	123.05	19.00	353.00	38.62	2.258.87	47.53
UFM	47.63	8.00	100.00	52.82	633.15	25.16
PFF	81.68	74.00	105.00	6.95	32.26	5.68
NFP	266.52	11.00	756.00	58.97	24.698.42	157.16
MFW	12.49	9.29	14.62	7.31	0.83	0.91
FL	3.09	2.86	3.75	4.31	0.02	0.13
FW	2.70	2.53	2.93	3.43	0.01	0.09
FLWR	1.15	1.10	1.41	3.81	0.00	0.04
NSF	1.67	1.00	3.00	4.35	0.33	0.57
NSP	676.08	30.00	1.973.00	58.23	154.965.40	393.66
DSW	0.73	0.64	0.79	5.17	0.00	0.04
SL	1.79	1.08	1.95	6.99	0.01	0.13
SW	1.09	0.92	1.15	4.70	0.00	0.04
SLWR	1.65	1.57	1.99	4.21	0.00	0.07
GPP	487.02	23.85	1.402.04	59.10	82.841.16	287.82
SOC	37.42	26.60	40.35	6.12	5.24	2.30
OPP	210.36	71.32	561.35	46.69	9.647.34	98.22

[1] Editor do artigo: Prof. Alek Sandro Dutra - alekdutra@ufc.br

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