Heavy metal fractionation in Fluvic Entisols under saline conditions in Northeastern Brazil<sup/>

Escobar, Maria Eugenia Ortiz; Silva, Esdras Rocha da; Oliveira, Teogenes Senna de; Hernandez, Fernando Felipe Ferreyra

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20230041

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Scientific Article • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 54 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20230041 copy

Heavy metal fractionation in Fluvic Entisols under saline conditions in Northeastern Brazil¹ 1 Part of the dissertation of the second author, presented to the graduate program in Soil Science of the Federal University of Ceará

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The long-term use of agrichemicals might add some heavy metals to soils and, there is little information about the dynamics of these elements in soils under saline conditions in semiarid regions. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of heavy metals in the different fractions of Fluvic Entisols with saline conditions under long term of coconut cultivation in a semiarid region. Composite soil samples were collected in five agricultural areas and three areas under native vegetation. Physical, chemical, and heavy metal analyses were carried out in soil (semi total and fractionated contents). Quality of irrigation water and drainage water was also evaluated. Analytical results were normalized and subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis was also used to assure a minimum correlation of variables justifying its use in the matrix of a factorial analysis. Semi-total contents of Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn (except Cu in some areas) were lower than previous local assessment and national guiding values, indicating that they do not cause harmful alterations in soil quality. Analyses of waters showed high levels of HCO₃, indicating moderate restriction to use (due to the high levels of EC, SAR, Na and Cl). Fractionation of heavy metals revealed low risk of environmental pollution since most metal contents were bound to the oxidic, organic and residual fractions. The water used in irrigation contributes to the contents of heavy metals and to the salinity condition of the evaluated soils.

Keywords:
Speciation; Trace elements; Salinity; Soil quality; Semiarid Brazil

Area (geographic coordinates)	Use and management history
A1 (3°51'5.27"S and 39°20'27.68"O)	Total area of 1.20 ha, located at 50 m.a.s.l., under coconut for 22 years; before that, the area was cropped to maize and beans for 16 years. Fertilization consists of cattle manure (6.25 t ha¹) and chemical fertilization-NPK (62.5 kg ha¹). Pests, diseases and weeds are controlled through the application of a variety of chemicals: monocrotophos (1.5 mL L^-1), methyl parathion (1.0 mL L¹), carbosulfan (1.5 mL L¹).
A2 (3°50'7.24"S and 39°21'13.32"O)	Total area of 0.5 ha, located at 50 m.a.s.l., under coconut for 7 years; before that, the area was cropped to maize and beans for ~7 years. Fertilization consists of cattle manure (3.9 t ha¹) and 54.7 kg ha¹ of NPK. Pests, diseases and weeds are controlled through the application of a variety of chemicals: deltamethrin (0.75 mL L¹), methyl parathion (1.0 mL L¹), abamectin (1.5 mL L¹).
A3 (3°48'17.47"S and 39°19'58.45"O)	Total area of 0.65 ha, located at 51 m.a.s.l, under coconut for 7 years; before that, the area was cropped to guava for 5 years. Fertilization consists of cattle manure 3.12 t ha¹ and 20.8 kg ha¹ of NPK. Pests, diseases and weeds are controlled through the application of carbosulfan (2.0 mL L¹).
A4 (3°51'5.27"S and 39°20'27.68"O)	Total area of 1.2 ha, located at 45 m.a.s.l, under coconut for 20 years; before that, the area was cropped to maize and beans for ~10 years. Fertilization consists of cattle manure 7.8 t ha¹ and 54.7 kg ha¹ of NPK. Pests, diseases and weeds are controlled through the application of a misture of monocrotophos (2.5 mL L¹) and carbosulfan (2.5 mL L¹).
A5 (3°47'31.98"S and 39°18'13.57"O)	Total area of 0.5 ha, located at 45 m.a.s.l., under coconut for 12 years; before that, the area was cropped to maize, beans, pepper and banana for 18 years. Fertilization consists of 55.0 kg ha¹ de NPK. Pests, diseases and weeds are controlled through the application of a misture of monocrotophos (3.0 mL L¹) and carbosulfan (3.0 mL L¹).
NV1 (3°48'41.42"S and 39°19'57.01"O)	Area with no anthropogenic activity, located at 59 m.a.s.l.
NV2 (3°48'42.99"S and 39°20'35.56"O)	Area with no anthropogenic activity, located at 76 m.a.s.l.
NV3 (3°49'58.36"S and 39°21'17.33"O)	Area with no anthropogenic activity, located at 65 m.a.s.l.

Characteristics	Depth (cm)	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	NV1	NV2	NV3
pH	0 – 20	7.73	7.91	6.69	7.54	7.63	6.27	5.03	5.94
	0 – 20	(0.18)	(0.06)	(0.44)	(0.48)	(0.31)	(0.13)	(0.16)	(0.04)
	60 – 80	7.69	7.6	7.02	7.8	7.09	6.16	6.04	6.58
	60 – 80	(0.33)	(0.26)	(0.53)	(0.17)	(0.38)	(0.02)	(0.05)	(0.07)
Na (cmol_c dm^-3)	0 – 20	0.66	1.87	0.45	1.86	0.71	0.11	0.14	0.09
	0 – 20	(0.26)	(0.46)	(0.31)	(0.22)	(0.23)	(0.01)	(0.04)	(0.00)
	60 – 80	0.49	4.51	0.26	2.4	0.56	0.4	1.35	1.63
	60 – 80	(0.24)	(0.50)	(0.02)	(0.40)	(0.21)	(0.03)	(0.17)	(1.24)
K (cmol_c dm^-3)	0 – 20	0.18	0.30	0.26	0.21	0.23	0.25	0.13	0.10
	0 – 20	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.18)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)
	60 – 80	0.10	0.27	0.12	0.13	0.25	0.42	0.24	0.29
	60 – 80	(0.05)	(0.24)	(0.01)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Ca (cmol_c dm^-3)	0 – 20	2.8	6.06	0.52	4.33	3.67	3.92	0.12	0.66
	0 – 20	(0.72)	(2.51)	(0.31)	(0.62)	(0.60)	(0.57)	(0.01)	(0.18)
	60 – 80	1.64	5.92	0.15	3.76	4.5	3.28	0.55	1.6
	60 – 80	(0.90)	(2.80)	(0.04)	(1.96)	(0.90)	(2.11)	(0.05)	(0.25)
Mg (cmol_c dm^-3)	0 – 20	8.55	7.64	0.68	4.57	4.22	4.56	0.29	0.59
	0 – 20	(3.79)	(3.14)	(0.52)	(0.79)	(0.33)	(0.50)	(0.07)	(0.12)
	60 – 80	9.11	9.02	0.47	3.48	4.31	9.69	2.47	5.91
	60 – 80	(4.35)	(2.13)	(0.08)	(1.80)	(0.70)	(0.65)	(0.16)	(0.80)
H + Al (cmol_c dm^-3)	0 – 20	0	0	0.63	0	0	1.57	1.9	1.03
	0 – 20	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.55)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.55)	(0.17)	(0.21)
	60 – 80	0	0	0.53	0	0.33	1.3	1.27	0.5
	60 – 80	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.47)	(0.00)	(0.58)	(0.10)	(0.15)	(0.20)
Al (cmol_c dm^-3)	0 – 20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.33	0
	0 – 20	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.12)	(0.00)
	60 – 80	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	60 – 80	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Organic carbon (OC) (g kg^-1)	0 – 20	9.92	15.47	9.56	8.36	8.75	8.26	7.72	7.49
	0 – 20	(1.95)	(3.38)	(1.61)	(0.44)	(1.40)	(0.52)	(2.34)	(1.15)
	60 – 80	3.66	5.8	1.82	3.23	5.35	3.27	4.06	3.64
	60 – 80	(1.36)	(1.67)	(0.24)	(1.17)	(1.07)	(0.18)	(0.63)	(1.98)
P (mg dm^-3)	0 – 20	39.21	15.82	6.53	25.91	44.34	5.98	3.15	11.95
	0 – 20	(5.37)	(1.44)	(2.30)	(1.42)	(3.80)	(1.26)	(0.29)	(1.74)
	60 – 80	40.09	9.68	4.69	37.48	42	1.97	1.84	10.69
	60 – 80	(6.94)	(0.70)	(1.93)	(7.17)	(5.84)	(0.22)	(0.91)	(4.68)
CECT (cmol_c dm^-3)	0 – 20	12.2	15.86	2.55	10.96	8.82	10.41	2.59	2.46
	0 – 20	(3.31)	(5.66)	(0.49)	(1.61)	(1.01)	(0.85)	(0.16)	(0.38)
	60 – 80	11.34	19.72	1.53	9.78	9.95	14.85	5.69	9.73
	60 – 80	(3.98)	(4.96)	(0.46)	(3.76)	(2.14)	(1.94)	(0.26)	(0.84)
EC (dS m^-1)	0 – 20	0.61	0.82	0.48	1.04	0.93	0.19	0.2	0.1
	0 – 20	(0.27)	(0.36)	(0.32)	(0.52)	(0.21)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.01)
	60 – 80	0.45	0.68	0.26	0.89	0.44	0.35	0.8	0.54
	60 – 80	(0.24)	(0.36)	(0.01)	(0.54)	(0.19)	(0.01)	(0.11)	(0.04)
Sand (g kg^-1)	0 – 20	619.83	434.66	835	389.16	429	595.53	854	844.2
	0 – 20	(83.06)	(153.16)	(16.09)	(97.16)	(85.75)	(22.58)	(18.17)	(16.24)
	60 – 80	757.66	397.66	858.33	459.33	348.16	442.5	722.36	734.53
	60 – 80	(141.28)	(363.24)	(5.48)	(283.70)	(127.04)	(14.24)	(15.91)	(20.47)
Silt (g kg^-1)	0 – 20	319.3	418.26	135.53	538.56	499.13	276.9	97.7	110.9
	0 – 20	(65.32)	(119.26)	(7.77)	(96.43)	(79.53)	(41.15)	(12.48)	(16.12)
	60 – 80	194.8	409.6	83.53	460.93	543.9	324.23	44.56	125.76
	60 – 80	(125.95)	(242.92)	(21.79)	(243.07)	(109.92)	(65.43)	(3.56)	(9.84)
Clay (g kg^-1)	0 – 20	60.86	147.06	29.46	72.26	71.86	127.56	48.3	44.9
	0 – 20	(17.82)	(34.02)	(13.15)	(22.15)	(8.62)	(39.84)	(6.32)	(1.23)
	60 – 80	47.53	192.73	58.13	79.73	107.93	233.26	233.06	139.7
	60 – 80	(19.06)	(121.58)	(27.26)	(40.80)	(20.20)	(75.17)	(19.33)	(15.64)

Metal	CV (NIST)	MCV (NIST)	Determined value	STDV	Recovery (R) (%)
Metal	-----------------------------------------mg.kg^-1------------------------------------------				Recovery (R) (%)
As	6.4 - 10	8.2	7.09	0.08	86.46
Cr	46 - 67	56.5	56.47	0.39	99.95
Cu	24 - 28	26	26.73	0.08	102.81
Fe	22000 - 26000	24000	22128.19	75.77	92.20
Mn	380 - 450	415	408.37	2.13	98.40
Ni	59 - 71	65	62.9	0.18	96.77
Pb	8.1 - 10	9.05	8.69	0.15	96.02
Zn	69 - 87	78	78.7	0.09	100.90

Area	Source	pH	EC	K	P	Na	Cl	HCO3	Ca	Mg	SAR
Area	Source	pH	dS m¹	mg L¹				mmol L¹
A1	A	7.95	0.82	0.33	0.00	4.51	5.90	2.48	0.67	2.05	3.87
A1	B	7.13	0.95	0.24	0.04	4.90	6.60	3.58	1.29	2.39	3.61
A2	A	7.76	1.09	0.57	0.04	6.17	8.60	2.86	0.90	2.78	4.55
A2	B	7.28	1.17	0.18	0.04	6.65	9.10	3.66	1.70	2.66	4.51
A4	A	7.71	1.09	0.14	0.03	6.52	7.70	3.96	0.87	2.69	4.89
A4	B	7.25	0.97	0.52	0.54	4.52	7.00	2.34	1.26	2.38	3.35
A5	A	7.92	1.07	0.15	0.09	6.17	7.30	3.67	1.01	2.59	4.59
A5	B	7.22	0.95	0.5	0.56	4.43	7.10	2.37	1.26	2.36	3.29

Area	Source	As	Cr	Cu	Mn	Pb	Zn
Area	Source	mg L¹
A1	A	0.003	0.002	0.021	ND	0.019	ND
A1	B	ND	0.001	0.021	0.526	0.023	ND
A2	A	0.008	0.002	0.020	ND	0.019	ND
A2	B	0.018	0.002	0.022	ND	0.015	ND
A4	A	ND	0.002	0.024	ND	0.012	0.249
A4	B	0.011	0.002	0.018	ND	0.014	ND
A5	A	0.013	0.002	0.018	ND	0.014	ND
A5	B	0.012	0.002	0.019	ND	0.014	ND
Conama*		0.033	0.05	0.013	0.5	0.033	0.5

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E-mail: ccarev@ufc.br

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[1] *Author for correspondence

Brasil

Brasil

Heavy metal fractionation in Fluvic Entisols under saline conditions in Northeastern Brazil1 1 Part of the dissertation of the second author, presented to the graduate program in Soil Science of the Federal University of Ceará

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal fractionation in Fluvic Entisols under saline conditions in Northeastern Brazil¹ 1 Part of the dissertation of the second author, presented to the graduate program in Soil Science of the Federal University of Ceará