Effects of biochar on soil fertility and the morphometry and production of elephant grass cultivars

Pacheco, Laiane B.; Machado, Roriz L.; Soares, Frederico A. L.; Silva, Pedro S. F. da; Rabelo, Kassia C. de C.; Lima, Ângelo A. de

doi:10.1590/1983-21252024v3711786rc

Brasil

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Scientific Article • Rev. Caatinga 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252024v3711786rc linkcopy

Effects of biochar on soil fertility and the morphometry and production of elephant grass cultivars

Biochar na fertilidade do solo, morfometria e produção de cultivares de capim elefante

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Among the various forage species used in ruminant feeding, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is notable as it is a perennial plant and has a high potential for dry matter production. The present study evaluated the performance of elephant grass cultivars and soil chemical characteristics under different biochar addition levels and at different evaluation times under irrigation in the dry season. The treatments were arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design (CBD) and analyzed in a split-plot design according to cultivar (BRS Capiaçu and BRS Kurumi) x biochar dose (0, 8, 16 and 24 t ha^-1); the subplots consisted of four evaluation times (71, 225, 335 and 447 days after application of biochar), with four replicates. The soil chemical characteristics were evaluated without inclusion of the time factor according to a CBD in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with 4 replications. The attributes analyzed were soil fertility, morphometry and elephant grass yield. The performance of the cultivars improved at 225 days (2^nd evaluation) and 335 days (3^rd evaluation) after biochar application. The biochar doses did not significantly increase morphometric attributes, cultivar productivity or soil fertility. The application of biochar did not improve the yield attributes or crude protein of elephant grass cultivars under the conditions of this study.

Keywords: Pennisetum purpureum ; Soil conditioner; Soil fertility; Irrigation; Cation exchange capacity

Evaluation	Standardization cut date	Evaluation date	Regrowth period (days)	Biochar incubation time (days)
1	03/18/2021	06/03/2021	77	71
2	08/02/2021	11/04/2021	94	225
3	12/07/2021	02/22/2022	77	335
4	02/23/2022	06/14/2022	111	447

VF	DF	SD	PH	NT	NL	DMC
Dose	3	10.74^ns	593.70^*	90.02^ns	1.95^ns	0.0004^ns
Cultivar (CV)	1	18.42 ^ns	165960.01^**	7626.13^**	125.41^**	0.0420^**
Dose x CV	3	12.65 ^ns	970.57^**	22.40^ns	1.05^ns	0.0006^ns
Season (SE)	3	223.10^*	28769.26^**	2808.0^**	122.15^**	0.0959^**
Dose x SE	9	4.34^ns	239.40^ns	176.47^ns	1.28^ns	0.0006^ns
CV x SE	3	16.43^ns	2274.34^**	595.27^ns	8.02^*	0.0032^**
Dose x CV x SE	9	11.77^ns	408.57^ns	205.04^ns	2.01^ns	0.0004^ns
CV% plot	-	23.06	8.09	24.17	19.76	10.90
CV% subplot	-	20.19	16.09	31.53	15.44	13.52

VF	DF	GLP	GMP	DMP	S/L
Dose	3	66.54^ns	1060.04^ns	36.80*	0.125ns
Cultivar (CV)	1	150.21^ns	3671.32^*	409.32**	4.444**
Dose x CV	3	75.01^ns	839.29^ns	19.09ns	0.001ns
Season (SE)	3	2039.24^*	16185.00^*	218.92**	2.306**
Dose x SE	9	22.92^ns	243.03^ns	10.18ns	0.044ns
CV x SE	3	174.82^*	1068.66^ns	74.54**	0.164ns
Dose x CV x SE	9	32.30^ns	385.09^ns	13.87ns	0.042ns
CV% plot	-	34.73	39.67	33.84	23.02
CV% subplot	-	39.43	41.20	41.70	31.20

CV	SD		NT ^**		NL ^**		DMC ^**		GLP
CV	-------- cm --------		-		-		-------- % --------		-------- t ha^-1 --------
Kurumi	11.97a		59.97a		11.96a		16.60b		19.36a
Capiaçu	12.73a		44.53b		9.98b		20.22a		17.19a
DOSE	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS
	Kurumi	Capiaçu	Kurumi	Capiaçu	Kurumi	Capiaçu	Kurumi	Capiaçu	Kurumi	Capiaçu
0	11.84	14.07	59.81	45.63	11.86	10.21	0.17	0.20	18.22	19.05
8	12.28	12.93	57.63	43.75	12.18	10.4	0.17	0.20	22.16	17.22
16	11.77	12.75	59.38	43	11.79	9.77	0.16	0.20	18.46	18.57
24	12.01	11.19	63.06	45.75	12.01	9.53	0.16	0.21	18.59	13.93

CV	GMP ^*		S/L ^**		CP ^**
CV	------------- t ha^-1 -------------		-		------------- % -------------
Kurumi	45.03b		1.22a		8.89a
Capiaçu	55.74a		0.84b		8.42b
DOSE	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS	BRS
	Kurumi	Capiaçu	Kurumi	Capiaçu	Kurumi	Capiaçu
0	42.82	63.93	1.16	0.81	8.62	8.50
8	53.24	55.63	1.19	0.81	8.94	8.50
16	42.87	60.77	1.21	0.83	8.94	8.25
24	41.18	42.63	1.31	0.94	9.06	8.44

	pH	SOM	Ca	Mg	K	H+Al
	-	g kg^-1	---------------------------- cmol_c dm^-3 ----------------------------
BRS Kurumi	5.66a	25.98a	6.86a	2.29a	0.11a	2.68a
BRS Capiaçu	5.68a	26.67a	6.94a	2.57a	0.14a	3.20a
Dose (t ha^-1)
0	5.73	27.62	6.56	2.39	0.14	2.78
8	5.71	25.94	7.25	2.51	0.10	2.88
16	5.61	26.42	6.61	2.09	0.14	3.01
24	5.62	25.30	7.18	2.72	0.13	3.10

	Al	CEC	K ppm	Q	V	%m
	--------------------- cmol_c dm^-3 ---------------------		--------------------- mg dm^-3 ---------------------		--------------------- % ---------------------
BRS Kurumi	0.17a	12.28a	42.39b^*	9.09a	73.82a	1.45a
BRS Capiaçu	0.19a	12.50a	57.46a	9.59a	77.83a	1.74a
Dose (t ha^-1)
0	0.16	11.86	58.55	7.45	75.62	1.62
8	0.19	12.72	37.30	7.88	77.20	1.75
16	0.20	11.88	54.86	12.39	74.47	1.69
24	0.16	13.10	48.99	9.64	76.02	1.32

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[TFN1] VF – Variation factor. DF – degree of freedom. **Significant at 1%, *significant at 5% and ^ns not significant.