BLACK OAT AND RYEGRASS INOCULATED WITH <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> IN CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEM

BRUM, MARCOS DA SILVA; CUNHA, VINICIUS DOS SANTOS; MARTIN, THOMAS NEWTON; ALESSIO, PEDRO GARDIN; ALMEIDA, GUILHERME ARISMENDI

doi:10.1590/1983-21252021v34n204rc

MARCOS DA SILVA BRUM ^**Corresponding author

NPR Fertizantes LTDa, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, marcossbrum@yahoo.com.br.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-7738

VINICIUS DOS SANTOS CUNHA

Crop Science Departament, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, vinicius_scunha@hotmail.com, martin.ufsm@gmail.com, pedrogalessio98@gmail.com, almeidaarismendi@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-6821

THOMAS NEWTON MARTIN ^**Corresponding author

Crop Science Departament, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, vinicius_scunha@hotmail.com, martin.ufsm@gmail.com, pedrogalessio98@gmail.com, almeidaarismendi@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4549-3980

PEDRO GARDIN ALESSIO

Crop Science Departament, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, vinicius_scunha@hotmail.com, martin.ufsm@gmail.com, pedrogalessio98@gmail.com, almeidaarismendi@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0474-7884

GUILHERME ARISMENDI ALMEIDA

Crop Science Departament, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, vinicius_scunha@hotmail.com, martin.ufsm@gmail.com, pedrogalessio98@gmail.com, almeidaarismendi@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4643-1717

*Corresponding author

Tables (6)

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Table 1
Average values for the components dry mass of green leaf blades (DMGL, kg ha^-1), dry mass of stems (DMS, kg ha^-1), leaf/stem ratio (LSR), dry mass of senescent material (DMSM, kg ha^-1), dry mass of inflorescence (DMI, kg ha^-1), total dry mass (TDM, kg ha^-1) and height (H, cm) of a pasture of black oat and ryegrass under different managements in a crop-livestock integration system.

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Table 2
Dry mass of green leaf blades (DMGL, kg ha^-1), dry mass of stems (DMS, kg ha^-1), dry mass of senescent material (DMSM, kg ha^-1), dry mass of inflorescence (DMI, kg ha^-1), total dry mass (TDM, kg ha^-1) and height (H, cm) in post-grazing residue of a pasture of black oat and ryegrass under different managements in a crop-livestock integration system.

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Table 3
Dry mass of green leaf blades (DMGL, kg ha¹), dry mass of stems (DMS, kg ha^-1), dry mass of senescent material (DMSM, kg ha¹), total dry mass (TDM, kg ha¹) and height (H, cm) of a pasture of black oats and ryegrass under different managements in a crop-livestock integration system (entry of the first grazing, year 2013).

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Table 4
Dry mass of green leaf blades (DMGL, kg ha^-1), dry mass of stems (DMS, kg ha^-1), dry mass of senescent material (DMSM, kg ha^-1), dry mass of inflorescence (DM, kg ha^-1), total dry mass (TDM), leaf/stem ratio (LSR), and height (H, cm) of a pasture of black oat and ryegrass under different managements in a crop-livestock integration system (entry of the second grazing, year 2013).

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Table 5
Dry mass of green leaf blades (DMGL, kg ha¹), dry mass of stems (DMS, kg ha^-1), dry mass of senescent material (DMSM, kg ha¹), dry mass of inflorescence (DM, kg ha¹), total dry mass (TDM), leaf/stem ratio (LSR), and height (H, cm) of a pasture of black oat and ryegrass under different managements in a crop-livestock integration system (entry of the third grazing, year 2013).

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Table 6
Total dry mass production (DMP, kg ha^-1) in black oat and ryegrass pasture under corn residues in a crop-livestock integration system (Year - 2013).

Entry first grazing
Factors	Treatments	DMGL	DMS	LSR	DMSM	TDM
N doses (kg ha^-1)	0	809.92 b^* * Means not followed by the same letter differ at 5% probability of error by Duncan’s test.	336.11 b	2.41	95.29	1231.07 b
N doses (kg ha^-1)	50	1196.02 a	562.47 a	2.13	105.84	1864.33 a
Inoculation	Without	928	400.57	2.32	96.57	1411.48
Azospirillum	With	949.25	422.54	2.25	101.04	1472.83
Exit first grazing
		DMGL	DMS	DMSM	TDM	H
Grazing management	30 cm	797.02 a^* * Means not followed by the same letter differ at 5% probability of error by Duncan’s test.	684.18 a	96.73	1577.93 a	23.55 a
	20 cm	522.51 b	474.00 b	101.04	1097.56 b	19.95 b
	10 cm	251.53 c	308.44 c	94.31	641.60 c	12.00 c
N doses (kg ha^-1)	0	499.82 b	438.68 b	96.87	1029.02 b	18.08 b
N doses (kg ha^-1)	50	571.42 a	589.27 a	98.35	1259.04 a	19.34 a
Inoculation	Without	516.95	496.55	95.27	1100.31	18.82
Azospirillum	With	530.43	481.20	99.45	1111.08	18.18

	Entry second grazing
Factors	Treatments	DMGL	DMS	LSR	DMSM	DMI	TDM
Grazing management	CG	585.60 c	757.11 c	0.77 a	338.95 b	158.44 c	1840.11 c
	30 cm	716.64 b	2283.73 a	0.31 b	464.00 a	523.31 a	3987.68 a
	20 cm	714.53 b	1646.00 b	0.43 b	273.97 b	319.11 b	2953.62 b
	10 cm	878.18 a	1063.93 c	0.83 a	155.42 c	127.44 c	2224.97 c
N doses (kg ha^-1)	0	543.27 b	1218.65 b	0.45 b	310.767 ab	253.38 ab	2326.06 b
	50	828.28 a	1451.41 ab	0.57 a	237.867 b	209.61 b	2727.18 b
	100	799.67 a	1643.01 a	0.49 b	375.633 a	383.23 a	3201.55 a
Inoculation	Without	684.07	1407.78	0.49	281.71	294.43	2668.00
Azospirillum	With	763.41	1467.60	0.52	334.46	269.72	2835.20
	Exit second grazing
	Dry mass of stems (DMS)		Grazing Management
			30 cm		20 cm		10 cm
Inoculation	Without		1682.93 a A		1331.73 a B		713.46 a C
Azospirillum	With		1871.20 a A		991.68 b B		483.86 a C
	Total dry mass (TDM)
Inoculation	Without		2362.17 a A		1986.62 a B		1171.95 a C
Azospirillum	With		2614.57 a A		1623.33 b B		911.77 a C
	Dry mass of senescent material (DMSM)
	N doses		0 kg of N ha^-1		50 kg of N ha^-1		100 kg of N ha^-1
Inoculation	Without		296.57 a B		279.60 a B		404.17 a A
Azospirillum	With		308.53 a A		336.88 a A		272.53 b A
	Grazing management		DMGL		DMI		H
Grazing management	30 cm		134.07		147.04 a		25.93 a
	20 cm		176.22		143.49 a		20.45 b
	10 cm		172.58		75.22 b		11.07 c
N doses (kg ha^-1)	0		130.27		129.93		19.03
	50		177.18		111.18		18.57
	100		175.42		124.64		19.86
Inoculation	Without		159.85		110.90		19.44
Azospirillum	With		162.06		132.93		18.86

DMGL
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	Grazing Management
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	CG	30 cm	20 cm	10 cm	No grazing
Without Azospirillum	0	^ Different Greek letters in the column represent the difference between nitrogen doses for each level of inoculation and grazing management. β 521.99 BC	^* * Different uppercase letters in the row and different lowercase letters in the column indicate difference between treatments at 5% probability level by the Duncan test. β 323.34 C	a 846.29 a A	a 657.79 AB	β 605.30 B
Without Azospirillum	50	α 742.73 a A	α 761.23 A	β 687.90 AB	β 537.25 b B	α 693.49 b AB
With Azospirillum	0	β 362.70 B	β 351.43 B	β 540.71 b AB	706.99 A	β 477.22 AB
With Azospirillum	50	α 498.29 b C	α 674.60 B	α 829.01 AB	726.64 a B	α 908.85 a A
DMS
	0	β 142.22 AB	β 106.90 B	β 151.90 AB	α 255.76 A	α 233.55 A
	50	α 191.48 A	α 214.64 A	α 234.03 A	β 188.03 A	β 190.08 A
DMSM
Without Azospirillum	0	α 184.10 a A	60.97 C	α 104.06 a B	β 39.70 C	α 215.78 a A
Without Azospirillum	50	β 41.57 B	50.98 B	β 67.48 B	α 55.04 B	β 119.42 A
With Azospirillum	0	66.08 b AB	α 85.47 A	β 35.26 b BC	β 12.68 C	89.86 b A
With Azospirillum	50	61.65 B	β 58.19 B	α 64.97 B	α 51.56 B	94.95 A
TDM
Without Azospirillum	0	β 878.00 a A	β 456.12 B	1098.26 a A	α 1163.66 A	α 1110.34 a A
Without Azospirillum	50	α 1095.37 a A	α 981.63 A	1122.93 A	β 720.04 b B	β 961.23 b A
With Azospirillum	0	β 541.33 b B	β 578.90 B	β 731.87 b AB	β 937.22 A	β 744.93 b AB
With Azospirillum	50	α 710.67 b D	α 950.60 C	α 1184.45 AB a	1026.54 a BC	α1281.00 a A
H
Without Azospirillum	0	β 22.11 BC	β 22.33 BC	β 24.5 AB	α 27 A	β 19.44 C
Without Azospirillum	50	α 26.61 A	α 27.72 A	α 29.5 a A	β 22.08 b B	α 23.16 b B
With Azospirillum	0	β 18.77 B	β 22.22 B	26.78 A	β 23.11 AB	β 21.44 B
With Azospirillum	50	α 26.41 A	α 26.27 A	26.41 b A	α 25.61 a A	α 26.27 a A

Dry mass of green leaves (DMGL)
Grazing management		N doses		Inoculation
CG	408.29 c^* * Different uppercase letters in the row and different lowercase letters in the column indicate difference between treatments at 5% probability level by the Duncan test.	0 kg of N ha^-1	441.23 b	With Azospirillum	504.23
30	690.47 a	50 kg of N ha^-1	438.14 b	Without Azospirillum	514.90
20	490.38 b	100 kg of N ha^-1	649.33 a
10	449.11 bc
DMS
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	Grazing management
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	CG	30 cm	20 cm	10 cm
Without Azospirillum	0	^ Greek letters in the column represent the difference between nitrogen doses for each level of inoculation and grazing management. β 182.52 D	β 961.62 A	β 538.65 B	354.40 C
	50	β 220.59 C	α 1637.01 a A	α 813.25 a B	366.66 C
	100	α 426.17 C	α 1529.32 a A	α 820.41 B	306.15 C
With Azospirillum	0	β 178.97 C	α 1037.09 A	α 674.59 B	β 223.09 C
	50	β 223.50 C	β 812.65 b A	β 409.88 b B	aβ 375.23 BC
	100	α 448.64 C	β 834.07 b A	α 668.53 B	α 442.98 C
DMSM
Without Azospirillum	0	37.91 BC	β 102.12 A	aβ 95.30 AB	β 19.33 C
	50	11.81 B	αβ 142.34 b A	α 58.77 B	α 125.39 a A
	100	29.09 B	α 190.13 A	α 146.32 a A	β 17.54 B
With Azospirillum	0	19.15 B	β 134.09 A	α 146.30 A	13.40 B
	50	58.01 B	α 307.01 a A	β 77.42 B	38.96 b B
	100	14.32 B	β 158.14 A	β 41.41 b B	17.94 B
DMI
Without Azospirillum	0	11.48 A	p 53.18 b A	β 31.34 A	31.52 A
	50	11.32 C	α 299.08 a A	α 112.64 a B	18.86 C
	100	5.45 B	β 208.42 a A	β 35.57 B	11.45 B
With Azospirillum	0	9.35 B	α 195.83 a A	20.92 B	12.26 B
	50	26.38	β 44.51 b	30.52 b	27.12
	100	31.10	β 50.03 b	54.29	41.80
TDM
Without Azospirillum	0	β 446.87 C	β 1805.48 b A	p 943.67 b B	880.16 B
	50	β 558.47 C	α 2731.24 a A	β 1453.89 a B	731.76 C
	100	α 1055.35 C	α 2782.08 a A	α 1721.33 a B	892.00 C
With Azospirillum	0	β 570.00 C	α 2058.65 a A	α 1322.56 a B	β 649. 96 b C
	50	β 746.00 B	β 1738.21 b A	β 875.43 b B	α 897.47 a B
	100	α 1114.66 BC	α 1987.66 b A	α 1332.11 b B	α 966.66 a C
H
Without Azospirillum	0	18.00 a C	47.00 A	β 43.5 A	β 29.77 B
	50	18.00 D	51.22 b A	αβ 46.5 B	αβ 31.55 C
	100	19.89 C	48.66 b A	α 49.5 A	α 35.89 B
With Azospirillum	0	β 13.33 b D	p 50.44 A	β 41.83 B	32.33 C
	50	β 16.88 D	β 59.5 a A	β 43.16 B	31.00 C
	100	α 22.11 D	α 66.67 a A	α 48.66 B	34.11 C
LSR
Grazing management		N doses (kg of N ha^-1)		Inoculation
CG	1.51 a	0	1.16	With Azospirillum	1.12
30	0.77 b	50	0.95	Without Azospirillum	1.02
20	0.65 b	100	1.11
10	1.37 a

DMGL
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	Grazing Management
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	CG	30 cm	20 cm	10 cm	No grazing
Without Azospirillum	0	89.33 B	^ Greek letters in the column represent the difference between nitrogen doses for each level of inoculation and grazing management. β 61.77 b B	^* * Different uppercase letters in the row and different lowercase letters in the column indicate difference between treatments at 5% probability level by the Duncan test. α 207.50 A	αβ 140.53 AB	β 66.50 B
	50	58.66 B	β 1 17.87 B	β 92.22 B	α 213.27 A	αβ 123.75 B
	100	67.63 b C	α 206.67 A	α 221.78 A	β 119.13 b BC	α 151.10 b AB
With Azospirillum	0	β 34.00 C	155.47 a AB	194.47 A	p 68.02 C	β 91.94 BC
	50	β 75.18 C	190.72 B	150. 03 CB	β 282.32 A	β 147.88 CB
	100	α 150.62 a B	171.44 B	213.20 B	α 436.20 a A	α 431.47 a A
DMS
Without Azospirillum	0	158.00 D	β 916.75 b B	640.36 BC	αβ 379.39 CD	β 1521.38 A
	50	20.00 C	β 625.86 B	817.96 B	α 511.18 B	β 1794.50 b A
	100	51.63 D	α 1373.44 B	725.44 C	α 385.76 CD	α 2840.52 A
With Azospirillum	0	30.00 C	747.38 a B	526.90 B	435.55 BC	β 1550.11 A
	50	178.10 C	975.74 B	849.44 B	331.78 C	α 3016.18 a A
	100	360.45 C	1036.33 B	831.02 B	626.23 BC	α 2817.10 A
DMSM
Without Azospirillum	0	142.66 B	180.84 B	β 72.48 b B	109.87 B	β 406.46 A
	50	156.00 CB	212.14 B	β 86.43 b CD	16.79 D	β 413.84 a A
	100	71.09 b C	116.66 b C	α 384.78 B	109.99 C	α 674.00 A
With Azospirillum	0	β 108 C	256.46 B	β 244.96 a B	32.51 C	α 498.34 A
	50	β 167.54 B	259.29 AB	αβ 328.22 a A	16.17 C	β 281.01 b A
	100	α 471.47 a A	248.78 a C	α 368.11 B	22.26 D	α 567.44 A
DMI
Without Azospirillum	0	14.00 D	548.41 B	β 321.81 C	157.94 CD	β 965.89 A
	50	4.00 D	487.16 B	β 330.38 CB	215.11 C	β 1048.44 b A
	100	13.82 C	879.25 B	α 723.07 B	173.90 C	α 1133.11 b A
With Azospirillum	0	β 14.00 C	601.34 A	β 320.93 B	250.07 B	α 797.95 A
	50	β 53.18 C	506.24 B	αβ 219.67 C	149.25 C	β 1542.92 a A
	100	α 117.27 C	684.87 B	α 702.93 B	184.05 C	α 2490.00 a A
TDM
Without Azospirillum	0	404.00 D	β 1707.78 B	β 1242.16 C	687.41 D	p 2960.24 A
	50	238.66 D	β 1443.05 b B	β 1327.00 B	822.00 C	β 3380.54 b A
	100	204.18 b E	α 2576.03 a B	α 2055.08 C	788.79 b D	α 5660.34 b A
With Azospirillum	0	β 186.00 D	β 1472.99 B	β 1287.28 B	β 833.62 C	p 2938.36 A
	50	β 474.00 E	α 1932.00 a B	β 1547.38 C	β 779.54 D	β 4988.00 a A
	100	α 1099.82 aC	α 1898.00 b B	α 2115.26 B	α 1268.74 a C	α 6306.01 a A
LSR
Without Azospirillum	0	p 0.58 b A	0.06 A	0.32 A	0.36 A	0.04 A
	50	α 3.51 a A	0.20 b B	0.11 B	0.45 B	0.07 B
	100	β 1.37 a A	0.15 B	0.31 B	0.32 B	0.06 B
With Azospirillum	0	α 1.16 a A	0.22 B	0.37 B	β 0.16 B	0.06 B
	50	β 0.41 b AB	0.19 a B	0.18 B	α 0.88 A	0.05 B
	100	β 0.55 b A	0.16 A	0.27 A	α 0.69 A	0.15 A
H
Without Azospirillum	0	αβ 23.77 D	β 32.83 b B	αβ 38.33 b A	β 28.00 b C
	50	β 23.33 b C	α 46.83 a A	β 36.00 B	β 24.33 b C
	100	α 27.66 D	α 47.89 a A	α 40.89 a B	α 36.55 C
With Azospirillum	0	27.55 C	42.5 a A	α 43.66 a A	33.00 a B
	50	27.50 a C	41.16 b A	β 36.55 B	30.89 a C
	100	30.33 B	40.50 b A	α 43.55 b A	32.55 B

Total dry mass production (DMP)
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	Grazing Management
Inoculation	N doses (kg of N ha^-1)	30 cm	20 cm	10 cm	No grazing
Without Azospirillum	0	3089.46 A	^ Greek letters in the column represent the difference between nitrogen doses for each level of inoculation and grazing management. ß 1917.46 B	2469.45 AB	ß 2960.24 A
	50	3117.22 A	ß 2291.11 B	2098.34 b B	ß 3380.54 b A
	100	3578.62 B	a 3557.39 B	2194.71 b C	a 5660.34 A
With Azospirillum	0	aß 3205.81 A	^* * Different uppercase letters in the row and different lowercase letters in the column indicate difference between treatments at 5% probability level by the Duncan test. p 1680.50 B	p 2072.46 B	p 2938.36 A
	50	ß 2633.08 B	ß 2340.66 B	ß 2764.58 a B	ß 4988.00 a A
	100	a 3404.47 B	a 3764.06 B	a 3455.98 a B	a 6306.01 A

[1] *Corresponding author

Brasil

Brasil

BLACK OAT AND RYEGRASS INOCULATED WITH Azospirillum brasilense IN CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEM

AVEIA PRETA E AZEVÉM INOCULADAS COM Azospirillum brasilense EM SISTEMA LAVOURA-PECUÁRIA

ABSTRACT