Canonical correlations in phenological, morphological, production and tassel traits of maize

Silveira, Daniela L.; Cargnelutti Filho, Alberto; Neu, Ismael M. M.; Bubans, Valéria E.; Osmari, Bruno F.; Osmari, Lucas F.

doi:10.1590/1983-21252023v36n309rc

Daniela L. Silveira ^**Corresponding author:<danilisil@gmail.com>;

Postgraduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-0100

Alberto Cargnelutti Filho

Department of Plant Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8608-9960

Ismael M. M. Neu

Postgraduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-2532

Valéria E. Bubans

Postgraduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-0839

Bruno F. Osmari

Graduate in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3611-0776

Lucas F. Osmari

Graduate in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9100-9195

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

*Corresponding author:<danilisil@gmail.com>;

Genotype	Version	Technology⁽¹⁾	Company	Type⁽²⁾	Cycle⁽³⁾	Use⁽⁴⁾	Grain	Color⁽⁵⁾	Investment⁽⁶⁾
20A55	PW	PowerCore	Morgan Sementes	TCH	E	G/S	Semi-hard	LO	Medium
30F53	YH	Optimum Intrasect	Pioneer	SCH	E	G/S	Semi-dented	O	High
AG8780	PRO 3	VT PRO 3	Sementes Agroceres	SCH	E	G	Semi-dented	LO	High
AG9025	PRO 3	VT PRO 3	Sementes Agroceres	SCH	SE	G	Semi-dented	LO	High
AM9724	-	Conventional	Melhoramento Agropastoril	SCH	SE	G	Dented	Y/LO	High
AS1666	PRO 3	VT PRO 3	Agroeste	SCH	SE	G	Semi-dented	Y/LO	High
AS1677	PRO 3	VT PRO 3	Agroeste	SCH	SE	G	Semi-dented	LO	High
BM3066	PRO2	VT PRO 2	Biomatrix	SCH	E	G/S	Semi-dented	O	High
DKB 230	PRO 3	VT PRO 3	Dekalb	SCH	SE	G	Semi-dented	Y	High
DKB 290	PRO 3	VT PRO 3	Dekalb	SCH	E	G	Semi-dented	LO	High
MS 2010	-	Conventional	Melhoramento Agropastoril	SCH	E	G	Semi-dented	Y/LO	High
MS 2013	-	Conventional	Melhoramento Agropastoril	SCH	E	G	Semi-hard	LO	High
MS 3022	-	Conventional	Melhoramento Agropastoril	TCH	E	G	Hard	O	Medium
P1630	H	Herculex I	Pioneer	SCH	SE	G	Semi-dented	LO	High
P2530	-	Conventional	Pioneer	SCH	SE	G	Semi-hard	O	High
Status	VIP	Agrisure Viptera	Syngenta Seeds	SCH	E	G	Hard	LO	High

Variable	Meteorological data
	Experiments
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Date of sowing	10/21/2015	11/19/2016	10/31/2017	11/25/2019	12/20/2019	10/28/2020	12/01/2020
Date of grain harvest	03/30/2016	04/07/2017	03/21/2018	04/13/2020	04/13/2020	03/24/2021	04/06/2021
Minimum temperature (°C)	14.36	15.92	16.37	12.43	12.43	17.84	17.84
Average temperature (°C)	22.59	22.92	23.25	23.70	23.84	23.93	23.56
Maximum temperature (°C)	29.45	27.71	29.47	30.78	30.78	36.14	36.14
Rainfall (mm)	1,101.00	906.20	512.00	452.40	424.00	399.20	417.80
			Fertilization (kg ha^-1)
Variable			Experiments
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Basal fertilization (N-P-K)	750	400	300	300	300	500	500
Commercial formula	05-20-20	05-20-20	05-20-20	05-20-20	05-20-20	05-20-20	05-20-20
N	37.5	20	15	15	15	25	25
P2O5	150	80	60	60	60	100	100
K2O	150	80	60	60	60	100	100
Top dressing (urea)	270	180	250	180	180	180	180
Applied in stages	V4, V8 and V12	V4 and V8	V4 and V8	V4 and V8	V4 and V8	V4 and V8	V4 and V8

Groups	Acronym	Description	Unit
Phenological	MF	Number of days from sowing to 50% of male flowering	days
Phenological	FF	Number of days from sowing to 50% of female flowering	days
Morphological	PH	Plant height, based on five plants per plot	cm
Morphological	SH	Spike height, based on five plants per plot	cm
Morphological	RPS	Relative position of the spike (RPS=SH/PH)	-
Production	NP	Number of plants	plants ha^-1
Production	NS	Number of spikes	spikes ha^-1
Production	SI	Spike index (SI=NS/NP)	-
Production	GY	Grain yield	Mg ha^-1
Tassel	PL	Peduncle length, considering the distance between the collar of the flag leaf and the first branch	cm
Tassel	BSL	Branching space length	cm
Tassel	CSL	Central spike length	cm
Tassel	TL	Tassel length (TL=PL+BSL+CSL)	cm
Tassel	NPB	Number of primary branches	-
Tassel	NSB	Number of secondary branches	-
Tassel	TBN	Tassel branch number (TBN=NPB+NSB)	-
Tassel	PDM	Peduncle dry matter, considering the region between the collar of the flag leaf and the first branch	g
Tassel	BSDM	Branching space dry matter	g
Tassel	CSDM	Central spike dry matter	g
Tassel	TDM	Tassel dry matter (TDM=PDM+BSDM+CSDM)	g

SV	DF	Mean square MF	DF		Mean square
SV	DF	Mean square MF	DF	FF	PH	SH	RPS
Block/Environment	14	7.949	14	9.821	363.966	176.661	0.002
Genotype	15	116.678^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	15	180.964^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	2,922.912^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	3,752.492^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.033^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Environment	6	1,366.713^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	6	1,510.852^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	8,703.758^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	2,140.027^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.073^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Genotype × Environment	73	11.039^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	90	11.812^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	178.839^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	103.051^ns ns not significant.	0.002^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Residual	164	2.834	210	2.999	122.505	86.037	0.001
Mean		64.652		66.756	215.361	121.966	0.567
CV(%)		2.60		2.59	5.14	7.61	5.66
>MSres/<MSres		10.289		6.824	3.886	2.974	2.529
Fc		10.570		15.320	16.344	36.414	21.807
SA(1)		0.952		0.967	0.969	0.986	0.977
Precision		VH		VH	VH	VH	VH
SV	DF			Mean square
SV	DF	NP		NS	SI	GY	PL
Block/Environment	14	80,222,284.226	91,973,586.310		0.032	2.165	1.394
Genotype	15	72,683,221.726^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	449,674,789.187^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		0.162^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	26.612^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	56.266^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Environment	6	180,845,424.107^ns ns not significant.	209,990,389.385^ns ns not significant.		0.082^ns ns not significant.	208.850^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	71.065^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Genotype × Environment	90	30,489,934.689^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	91,227,161.872^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		0.034^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	4.347^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	2.689^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Residual	210	17,062,562.004	34,086,681.548		0.011	0.812	0.614
Mean		59,706.101	58,560.268		0.987	7.230	7.394
CV(%)		6.92	9.97		10.50	12.46	10.59
>MSres/<MSres		5.323	4.642		5.377	6.402	2.582
Fc		2.384	4.929		4.801	6.122	20.927
SA(¹ (1) Class limits for selection accuracy (SA), established by Resende and Duarte (2007): VH: very high (SA≥0.90), H: high (0.70≤SA<0.90), and M: moderate (0.50≤SA<0.70). )		0.762	0.893		0.890	0.915	0.976
Precision		H	H		H	VH	VH
SV	DF		Mean square
SV	DF	BSL	CSL		TL	NPB	NSB
Block/Environment	14	1.181	4.274		7.528	2.350	0.474
Genotype	15	97.918^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	147.109^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		87.720^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	266.337^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	26.808^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Environment	6	23.091^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	60.218^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		243.583^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	49.051^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	10.213^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Genotype × Environment	90	2.242^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	7.605^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		12.295^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	2.483^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.495^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Residual	210	0.522	1.480		2.283	0.910	0.181
Mean		12.558	25.519		45.470	10.862	2.678
CV(%)		5.76	4.77		3.32	8.78	15.87
>MSres/<MSres		2.107	4.865		5.321	3.631	3.336
Fc		43.666	19.343		7.135	107.249	54.157
SA(¹ (1) Class limits for selection accuracy (SA), established by Resende and Duarte (2007): VH: very high (SA≥0.90), H: high (0.70≤SA<0.90), and M: moderate (0.50≤SA<0.70). )		0.988	0.974		0.927	0.995	0.991
Precision		VH	VH		VH	VH	VH
SV	DF		Mean square
SV	DF	TBN	PDM		BSDM	CSDM	TDM
Block/Environment	14	3.959	0.002		0.077	0.005	0.122
Genotype	15	434.309^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.086^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		13.065^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.389^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	16.019^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Environment	6	94.631^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.062^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		13.780^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.469^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	19.579^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Genotype × Environment	90	3.972^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.003^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.		0.270^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.013^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.	0.360^* * Significant effect by F test at 5% significance level.
Residual	210	1.346	0.001		0.051	0.003	0.073
Mean		13.540	0.211		2.287	0.657	3.155
CV(%)		8.57	13.13		9.90	8.82	8.57
>MSres/<MSres		3.656	4.418		4.134	3.393	4.441
Fc		109.346	26.330		48.370	29.453	44.523
SA(¹ (1) Class limits for selection accuracy (SA), established by Resende and Duarte (2007): VH: very high (SA≥0.90), H: high (0.70≤SA<0.90), and M: moderate (0.50≤SA<0.70). )		0.995	0.981		0.990	0.983	0.989
Precision		VH	VH		VH	VH	VH

Trait	MF	FF	PH	SH	RPS	NP	NS	SI	GY	PL
MF	-	0.983^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.729^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.713^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.570^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.349^ns ns not significant.	0.218^ns ns not significant.	0.043^ns ns not significant.	0.584^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.390^ns ns not significant.
FF			0.768^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.731^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.567^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.375^ns ns not significant.	0.284^ns ns not significant.	0.094^ns ns not significant.	0.651^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.360^ns ns not significant.
PH				0.850^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.566^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.358^ns ns not significant.	0.538^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.358^ns ns not significant.	0.739^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.441^ns ns not significant.
SH					0.914^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.424^ns ns not significant.	0.540^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.323^ns ns not significant.	0.802^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.221^ns ns not significant.
RPS						0.391^ns ns not significant.	0.432^ns ns not significant.	0.230^ns ns not significant.	0.679^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.018^ns ns not significant.
NP							0.049^ns ns not significant.	-0.370^ns ns not significant.	0.227^ns ns not significant.	0.456^ns ns not significant.
NS								0.909^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.758^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.152^ns ns not significant.
SI									0.597^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.313^ns ns not significant.
GY										0.029^ns ns not significant.
	BSL	CSL	TL	NPB	NSB	TBN	PDM	BSDM	CSDM	TDM
MF	0.333^ns ns not significant.	-0.172^ns ns not significant.	0.441^ns ns not significant.	0.524^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.408^ns ns not significant.	0.512^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.569^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.700^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.519^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.755^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
FF	0.395^ns ns not significant.	-0.201^ns ns not significant.	0.445^ns ns not significant.	0.578^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.474^ns ns not significant.	0.571^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.549^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.767^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.539^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.816^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
PH	0.521^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.500^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.256^ns ns not significant.	0.641^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.604^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.652^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.486^ns ns not significant.	0.613^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.064^ns ns not significant.	0.599^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
SH	0.424^ns ns not significant.	-0.514^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.040^ns ns not significant.	0.701^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.674^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.716^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.402^ns ns not significant.	0.699^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.143^ns ns not significant.	0.683^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
RPS	0.256^ns ns not significant.	-0.413^ns ns not significant.	-0.249^ns ns not significant.	0.595^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.588^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.612^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.269^ns ns not significant.	0.629^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.189^ns ns not significant.	0.617^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
NP	0.273^ns ns not significant.	-0.336^ns ns not significant.	0.218^ns ns not significant.	0.309^ns ns not significant.	0.075^ns ns not significant.	0.261^ns ns not significant.	0.676^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.319^ns ns not significant.	0.137^ns ns not significant.	0.359^ns ns not significant.
NS	0.663^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.715^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.347^ns ns not significant.	0.633^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.825^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.701^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.003^ns ns not significant.	0.625^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.236^ns ns not significant.	0.528^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
SI	0.505^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.538^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.414^ns ns not significant.	0.447^ns ns not significant.	0.731^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.532^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.273^ns ns not significant.	0.431^ns ns not significant.	-0.307^ns ns not significant.	0.321^ns ns not significant.
GY	0.616^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.526^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.006^ns ns not significant.	0.813^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.826^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.842^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.193^ns ns not significant.	0.833^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.142^ns ns not significant.	0.789^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
PL	0.215^ns ns not significant.	-0.226^ns ns not significant.	0.736^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.131^ns ns not significant.	-0.002^ns ns not significant.	0.103^ns ns not significant.	0.867^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.065^ns ns not significant.	-0.053^ns ns not significant.	0.114^ns ns not significant.
	BSL	CSL	TL	NPB	NSB	TBN	PDM	BSDM	CSDM	TDM
BSL		-0.852^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.126^ns ns not significant.	0.725^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.711^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.744^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.393^ns ns not significant.	0.615^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.373^ns ns not significant.	0.526^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
CSL			0.214^ns ns not significant.	-0.722^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.727^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.746^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.420^ns ns not significant.	-0.513^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.525^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.412^ns ns not significant.
TL				-0.064^ns ns not significant.	-0.192^ns ns not significant.	-0.098^ns ns not significant.	0.567^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.037^ns ns not significant.	0.244^ns ns not significant.	0.113^ns ns not significant.
NPB					0.835^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.991^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.389^ns ns not significant.	0.861^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.056^ns ns not significant.	0.815^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
NSB						0.903^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.163^ns ns not significant.	0.842^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	-0.092^ns ns not significant.	0.758^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
TBN							0.345^ns ns not significant.	0.884^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.	0.021^ns ns not significant.	0.826^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
PDM								0.369^ns ns not significant.	0.099^ns ns not significant.	0.422^ns ns not significant.
BSDM									0.369^ns ns not significant.	0.988^* * Value of phenotypic correlation coefficient greater than \|0.497\| is significant at 5% significance level by Student’s t-test, with 14 degrees of freedom.
CSDM										0.496^ns ns not significant.

	Phenological	Morphological	Production	Tassel
Nº of traits in the group	2	3	4	11
Traits in the group	MF and FF	PH, SH and RPS	NP, NS, SI and GY	PL, BSL, CSL, TL, NPB, NSB, TBN, PDM, BSDM, CSDM and TDM
Initial CN	113.29	3,478.57	2,051.28	1,174,830.56
Excluded traits	None	RPS	SI	PL, BSL, CSL, NPB, NSB, PDM, BSDM and CSDM
Final CN	113.29	12.36	8.18	12.38
Remaining traits	MF and FF	PH and SH	NP, NS and GY	TL, TBN and TDM

Trait	Analysis 1 (Phenological versus Tassel) _TraitCanonical loadings
Trait	1		2
Group I		Phenological
MF	0.912		0.410
FF	0.972		0.233
Group II		Tassel
TL	0.467		0.709
TBN	0.672		-0.718
TDM	0.930		-0.325
Canonical correlation (ρ )	0.917^* * Significant by chi-square test (χ2) at 5% significance level.		0.171 ^ns ns not significant.
χ²	22.446		0.357
Degrees of freedom	6		2
Trait	Analysis 2 (Morphological versus Tassel) _Trait Canonical loadings
Trait	1		2
Group I		Morphological
PH	0.940		0.340
SH	0.979		-0.206
Group II		Tassel
TL	0.100		0.880
TBN	0.971		-0.109
TDM	0.913		-0.171
Canonical correlation (ρ )	0.739^* * Significant by chi-square test (χ2) at 5% significance level.		0.624 ^ns ns not significant.
χ²	15.405		5.915
Degrees of freedom	6		2
Trait	Analysis 3 (Production versus Tassel) _Trait Canonical loadings
Trait	1	2	3
Group I		Production
NP	0.362	-0.429	0.827
NS	0.757	0.650	0.064
GY	0.989	0.029	-0.144
Group II		Tassel
TL	0.008	-0.943	-0.334
TBN	0.977	0.162	-0.141
TDM	0.927	-0.221	0.305
Canonical correlation (ρ )	0.867^* * Significant by chi-square test (χ2) at 5% significance level.	0.572 ^ns ns not significant.	0.056 ^ns ns not significant.
χ²	20.621	4.589	0.037
Degrees of freedom	9	4	1

[1] Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Brasil

Brasil

Canonical correlations in phenological, morphological, production and tassel traits of maize

Correlações canônicas em caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos, produtivos e de pendão de milho

ABSTRACT