OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SEM FOR IDENTIFYING CLOGGING MATERIAL IN A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Ribeiro, Maycon Diego; Azevedo, Carlos Alberto de; Santos, Delfran Batista dos; Szekut, Flavio Daniel; Klein, Márcio Roberto; Reis, Claudia Facini

doi:10.1590/1983-21252018v31n423rc

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ENGENHARIA AGRÍCOLA • Rev. Caatinga 31 (04) • Oct-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n423rc copy

OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SEM FOR IDENTIFYING CLOGGING MATERIAL IN A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM¹ 1 Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author.

MICROSCOPIA ÓPTICA E MEV NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE MATERIAL OBSTRUIDOR DE GOTEJADORES EM SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO LOCALIZADA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to apply optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques to identify and assess dripper clogging of an irrigation system. Three dripper models (Taldrip, Streamline, and Tiran) underwent 1200 hours of irrigation with three types of effluents: treated domestic wastewater, water with a high calcium content, and urban water supply. Samples of the material adhered to the inside of drippers were analyzed by means of the smear method aiming at their biological identification. Other samples were taken to obtain SEM images. The presence of algae, bacteria, and biological components of biofilm was observed in drippers operating with wastewater and water with calcium, this latter in a low number. The formation of biofilm and chemical precipitates of calcium were observed in SEM images, leading to emitter clogging. Optical microscopy and SEM analyses allowed identifying the degree of fouling by biofilm and chemical precipitates in dripper clogging.

Keywords:
Clogging; Water; Irrigation system drippers.

Brand	Model	Flow rate (L h⁻¹)	Pressure (kPa)	Drip spacing (m)
NAADANJAIN	Taldrip	1.70	100	0.20
NETAFIM	Streamline 16080	1.60	100	0.30
NETAFIM	Tiran 16010	2.00	100	0.40

	Result
Parameter	Water supply	Wastewater	Water with calcium
Electrical conductivity (mmho/cm at 25 °C)	1092.00	2139.00	2860.00
pH	6.60	7.60	9.00
Turbidity (uT)	0.70	3.30	5.20
Color, Hazen Unit (mg Pt-Co/L)	0.00	110.00	100.00
Calcium hardness (mg/L)	26.60	48.00	79.50
Magnesium hardness (mg/L)	35.00	37.20	30.00
Total hardness (mg/L)	212.50	275.70	323.80
Sodium (mg/L)	148.90	234.70	521.80
Potassium (mg/L)	5.30	60.60	8.20
Aluminum (mg/L)	0.13	0.09	0.00
Total iron (mg/L)	0.01	0.08	0.08
Alkalinity in hydroxides (mg/L)	0.00	0.00	0.00
Alkalinity in carbonates (mg/L)	0.00	0.00	210.00
Alkalinity in bicarbonates (mg/L)	84.00	203.20	85.00
Total alkalinity (mg/L)	84.00	203.20	295.00
Sulfate (mg/L)	34.40	114.30	67.10
Phosphorus Total (mg/L)	0.00	10.70	0.00
Chloride (mg/L)	305.30	388.70	777.50
Nitrate (mg/L)	0.04	0.66	0.75
Nitrite (mg/L)	0.00	0.03	0.19
Ammonia (mg/L)	0.45	21.40	6.46
Silica (mg/L)	3.70	6.20	5.00
LSI (Langelier saturation Index)	−1.57	−0.02	1.81
TDS (total dissolved solids at 180 °C) (mg/L)	662.40	1160.00	1726.20

		Result
Parameter	Water supply	Wastewater	Water with calcium
Total coliforms	520.00	10112.00	10112.00
Escherichia coli	0.00	9139.00	63.00

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[1] * Corresponding author.

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OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SEM FOR IDENTIFYING CLOGGING MATERIAL IN A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM1 1 Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author.

MICROSCOPIA ÓPTICA E MEV NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE MATERIAL OBSTRUIDOR DE GOTEJADORES EM SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO LOCALIZADA

ABSTRACT

OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SEM FOR IDENTIFYING CLOGGING MATERIAL IN A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM¹ 1 Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author.