Analysis of the main criteria used in expert handwriting analysis of signatures

Melo, Ana Patrícia Carvalho de; Bezerra, Byron Leite Dantas; Lopes Júnior, Celso Antônio Marcionilo; Lima, Fernanda Gabrielle Andrade; Lucena, Luciana Vaz de Oliveira; Stodolni, Murilo Campanhol; Meneses, Denise Costa; Advíncula, Karina Paes

doi:10.1590/1982-0216/20212351721

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. CEFAC 23 (5) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20212351721 copy

Analysis of the main criteria used in expert handwriting analysis of signatures

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose:

to analyze the criteria most used by experts in the handwriting analysis report.

Methods:

a descriptive, quantitative, inferential, and cross-sectional study, with statistical analysis of the results obtained with a form administered to the experts. The statistical calculations were made with R language, version 4.0.1, with statistical significance set at 5%.

Results:

the absolute frequency analysis indicated a greater occurrence of the use of initial and final pen strokes and handwriting progress, with a relative frequency above 70%. A detailed evaluation with univariate analysis showed that these criteria are not relevant to correct conclusions in the expert analysis report. It also pointed out that morphology is a relevant criterion to infer whether an evaluation is correct. The data showed that initial pen stroke, inclination, dynamism, and evolution, when observed in terms of multivariate modeling, were not significant, indicating that subjectivity is essential for the experts to make correct analyses.

Conclusion:

the most reported expert handwriting analysis criteria in relation to the experts’ correct analyses were not statistically relevant for the development of the analysis reports.

Keywords:
Expert Testimony; Handwriting; Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences

VARIABLE	CATEGORY	N = 151	%
Responded correctly	No	54	35.8
Responded correctly	Yes	97	64.2
Time to vote (in levels)	Less than 30 min.	145	96.0
Time to vote (in levels)	30 or more min.	6	4.0
Writing progress	No	45	29.8
Writing progress	Yes	106	70.2
Connections	No	74	49.0
Connections	Yes	77	51.0
Initial pen stroke	No	33	21.9
Initial pen stroke	Yes	118	78.1
Final pen stroke	No	44	29.1
Final pen stroke	Yes	107	70.9
Positioning	No	112	74.2
Positioning	Yes	39	25.8
Alignment	No	99	65.6
Alignment	Yes	52	34.4
Angular values	No	72	47.7
Angular values	Yes	79	52.3
Curvilinear values	No	78	51.7
Curvilinear values	Yes	73	48.3
Allographs	No	119	78.8
Allographs	Yes	32	21.2
Construction method	No	98	64.9
Construction method	Yes	53	35.1
Punctuations and diacritics	No	136	90.1
Punctuations and diacritics	Yes	15	9.9
Inclination	No	85	56.3
Inclination	Yes	66	43.7
Dynamism or evolution	No	80	53.0
Dynamism or evolution	Yes	71	47.0
Pressure	No	99	65.6
Pressure	Yes	52	34.4
Writing rhythm	No	93	61.6
Writing rhythm	Yes	58	38.4
Line behavior	No	139	92.1
Line behavior	Yes	12	7.9
Base behavior	No	125	82.8
Base behavior	Yes	26	17.2
Degree of skill	No	109	72.2
Degree of skill	Yes	42	27.8
Pulse tendency	No	88	58.3
Pulse tendency	Yes	63	41.7
Handwriting moments	No	97	64.2
Handwriting moments	Yes	54	35.8
Variability	No	129	85.4
Variability	Yes	22	14.6
Speed	No	82	54.3
Speed	Yes	69	45.7
Spacings	No	95	62.9
Spacings	Yes	56	37.1
Verbal limiting lines	No	140	92.7
Verbal limiting lines	Yes	11	7.3
Caliber and proportions	No	93	61.6
Caliber and proportions	Yes	58	38.4
Morphology	No	112	74.2
Morphology	Yes	39	25.8
Nature	No	119	78.8
Nature	Yes	32	21.2

VARIABLE	CATEGORIES	CORRECT ANALYSIS				ODDS RATIO*
		NO (N=54)		YES (N=97)		ODDS RATIO*
		N	%	N	%	ESTIMATE	95% CI		p-value
Time to vote	Less than 30 min.	53	98.1	92	94.8	1.00
Time to vote	30 or more min.	1	1.9	5	5.2	3.95	0.39	39.81	0.24
Writing progress	No	13	24.1	32	33.0	1.00
Writing progress	Yes	41	75.9	65	67.0	0.75	0.32	1.76	0.51
Connections	No	30	55.6	44	45.4	1.00
Connections	Yes	24	44.4	53	54.6	1.10	0.42	2.88	0.85
Initial pen stroke	No	15	27.8	18	18.6	1.00
Initial pen stroke	Yes	39	72.2	79	81.4	2.40	0.89	6.51	0.08
Final pen stroke	No	17	31.5	27	27.8	1.00
Final pen stroke	Yes	37	68.5	70	72.2	1.37	0.55	3.41	0.51
Positioning	No	40	74.1	72	74.2	1.00
Positioning	Yes	14	25.9	25	25.8	1.20	0.43	3.33	0.73
Alignment	No	37	68.5	62	63.9	1.00
Alignment	Yes	17	31.5	35	36.1	1.41	0.57	3.48	0.46
Angular values	No	26	48.1	46	47.4	1.00
Angular values	Yes	28	51.9	51	52.6	1.67	0.68	4.10	0.27
Curvilinear values	No	31	57.4	47	48.5	1.00
Curvilinear values	Yes	23	42.6	50	51.5	1.61	0.72	3.60	0.25
Allographs	No	43	79.6	76	78.4	1.00
Allographs	Yes	11	20.4	21	21.6	2.68	0.43	16.78	0.29
Construction method	No	36	66.7	62	63.9	1.00
Construction method	Yes	18	33.3	35	36.1	1.61	0.62	4.20	0.33
Diacritics and punctuation	No	48	88.9	88	90.7	1.00
Diacritics and punctuation	Yes	6	11.1	9	9.3	1.14	0.36	3.64	0.83
Inclination	No	33	61.1	52	53.6	1.00
Inclination	Yes	21	38.9	45	46.4	1.93	0.86	4.35	0.11
Dynamism or evolution	No	33	61.1	47	48.5	1.00
Dynamism or evolution	Yes	21	38.9	50	51.5	1.78	0.81	3.89	0.15
Pressure	No	35	64.8	64	66.0	1.00
Pressure	Yes	19	35.2	33	34.0	0.86	0.31	2.37	0.77
Writing rhythm	No	34	63.0	59	60.8	1.00
Writing rhythm	Yes	20	37.0	38	39.2	0.88	0.36	2.15	0.78
Line behavior	No	50	92.6	89	91.8	1.00
Line behavior	Yes	4	7.4	8	8.2	1.70	0.45	6.38	0.43
Base behavior	No	46	85.2	79	81.4	1.00
Base behavior	Yes	8	14.8	18	18.6	1.82	0.64	5.18	0.26
Degree of skill	No	40	74.1	69	71.1	1.00
Degree of skill	Yes	14	25.9	28	28.9	1.59	0.61	4.18	0.34
Pulse tendency	No	28	51.9	60	61.9	1.00
Pulse tendency	Yes	26	48.1	37	38.1	0.94	0.38	2.36	0.90
Writing moments	No	33	61.1	64	66.0	1.00
Writing moments	Yes	21	38.9	33	34.0	1.05	0.47	2.36	0.90
Variability	No	46	85.2	83	85.6	1.00
Variability	Yes	8	14.8	14	14.4	0.93	0.32	2.71	0.90
Speed	No	29	53.7	53	54.6	1.00
Speed	Yes	25	46.3	44	45.4	0.91	0.37	2.20	0.83
Spacings	No	33	61.1	62	63.9	1.00
Spacings	Yes	21	38.9	35	36.1	0.81	0.32	2.07	0.66
Verbal limiting lines	No	48	88.9	92	94.8	1.00
Verbal limiting lines	Yes	6	11.1	5	5.2	0.00	-	-	-
Caliber and proportions	No	31	57.4	62	63.9	1.00
Caliber and proportions	Yes	23	42.6	35	36.1	1.16	0.48	2.82	0.75
Morphology	No	42	77.8	70	72.2	1.00
Morphology	Yes	12	22.2	27	27.8	3.99	1.00	15.94	0.05
Nature	No	41	75.9	78	80.4	1.00
Nature	Yes	13	24.1	19	19.6	1.24	0.27	5.69	0.78

VARIABLE	COEFFICIENT	ODDS RATIO	95% CI	P-VALUE
Initial pen stroke = Yes	0.82	2.27	0.81	6.40
Inclination = Yes	0.59	1.80	0.77	4.20
Dynamism or evolution = Yes	0.50	1.64	0.72	3.74
Morphology = Yes	1.23	3.41	0.81	14.31

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