Carlstedt et al. (1996)24
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Duration of the following postures in the video: - Visible tip of the tongue - Active (moving) protruded tongue - Inactive (still) protruded tongue |
Duration of the following postures in the video : - Mouth closed (lips fully touching each other) - Mouth open (lips not touching each other, and tongue inside the mouth) |
- After 9 months of treatment, the mouth was closed for longer (P < 0.01), and the tongue was inactively protruded for less time (P < 0.01) in SG, in comparison with CG. - After 12 months, the mouth was closed for longer (p < 0.001), and the tongue was inactively protruded (p<0.001) and actively protruded for less time (p < 0.05) in SG, in comparison with CG. |
Hohoff, Ehmer (1997)25
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Parental opinion on improved or worsened tongue posture on average 39.5 months after treatment. |
Parental opinion on improved or worsened lip posture on average 39.5 months after treatment. |
- In SG, 80% of the patients improve tongue and lip posture (parental opinion). |
Hohoff, Ehmer (1999)26
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Parental opinion on tongue posture. Clinical assessment: - Tongue much protruded in relation to the lips - Tongue slightly protruded in relation to the lips - Tongue inside the oral cavity Group 1: data collected soon after the treatment. Group 2 - data was collected 53 months after the treatment. |
Parental opinion on lip posture. Clinical assessment: - Mouth wide open - Mouth partly open - Mouth closed
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- Group 1: 65.8% of the children improved lip and tongue posture, according to parental report. - Group 2: 88.9% improved lip posture, and 77.7% improved tongue posture, according to parental report. - In clinical assessment, most cases improved tongue and lip posture. - The analysis was qualitative, without comparison between the groups. |
Carlstedt et al. (2001)27
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Clinical assessment: - Tongue on the lower lip, mouth closed - Inactive protruded tongue, mouth open - Active protruded tongue |
Clinical assessment: - Lips fully closed - Lips partly closed - Inactive open mouth - Active open mouth |
- CG had more periods with inactive lips and tongue (p < 0.05) when interacting. - No difference in tongue posture and lip closure between the groups. |
Schuster, Giese (2001)28
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Clinical assessment: - Inside the oral cavity - On the alveolar ridge - On the lower lip - Eversion - Slightly protruded over the lower lip - Much protruded over the lower lip |
Clinical assessment: - Mouth closed - Mouth open |
- Tongue posture and lip closure improved in both groups - greater improvement in SG. - Better results were obtained in cases of greater adherence. - Positive parental feedback on tongue posture and decreased sialorrhea. The analysis was only descriptive. |
Rincón et al. (2003)29
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Clinical assessment of tongue posture |
Clinical assessment of lip posture |
100% of SG children improved tongue posture, and 13 children progressed to lip closure. The analysis was qualitative, without comparison between the groups. |
Carlstedt et al. (2003)30
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Duration of the following postures in the video: - Inside the oral cavity - Intermittently visible - Constantly visible |
Duration of the following postures in the video: - Mouth closed - Mouth open less than half the time - Mouth open more than half the time
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- Better lip closure and tongue posture (p < 0.05) in SG, in comparison with CG (p < 0.05). |
Zavaglia et al. (2003)31
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Clinical assessment: - Tongue occasionally protruded, passing the lower lip - Tongue slightly protruded, but continuously passing the lower lip - Tongue significantly protruded, passing the lower lip |
Not reported |
- Improved tongue posture and lip closure in most SG cases. No comparison was made between the groups. |
Backman et al. (2007)32
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Clinical assessment: - Retracted - Visible - Out of the mouth |
Clinical assessment: - Mouth closed - Mouth partly open - Mouth open
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- Better facial expressions in children with T21 in SG than in CG. In SG with T21, 66.7% of the children had active facial expressions, in contrast with only 34.5% in CG with T21. The study does not specify in what terms the muscles were considered active or inactive; however, it mentions lip closure and tongue posture as parameters used in this classification. |
Carlstedt et al. (2007)33
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Duration of the following postures in the video : - Tip of the tongue visible, and tongue over the lower lip - Inactive protruded tongue (still tongue, outside the oral cavity) - Active protruded tongue (moving tongue, outside the oral cavity). |
Duration of the following postures in the video: - Mouth closed (total or partial lip closure) - Mouth open (active or inactive when open > 15 to 20 mm). |
- SG had lip closure for longer (p < 0.05) and the tongue was inactively protruded for less time, in comparison with CG (p < 0.05).
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