Growth and accumulation of nutrients in papaya tree seedlings grown on organic substrates

The use of organic waste for the production of plant substrates is an important environmental and economic alternative. In this perspective, we performed a work in a greenhouse, with the aim of evaluating the effect of substrates from organic waste during growth, gas exchange and accumulation of mineral elements in ‘Sunrise Solo’ papaya tree seedlings. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, with four treatments and five repetitions, with six plants in each repetition. The treatments consisted of four types of substrates, three from the composting of sewage sludge, green coconut shell and carnaubeira palm butt, and one was the Turfa Fértil® commercial. We evaluated biometric and physiological variables and accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals in papaya seedlings. The green coconut shell and carnaubeira palm butt substrates promoted superior results for growth, dry biomass, gas exchange and accumulation of nutrients, whereas the commercial substrate and sewage sludge produced seedlings of inferior quality considering all the analyzed variables.

Keywords:
Carica papaya L.; dry biomass; gas exchange; mineral elements.

Authorship

Francisca Evelice Cardoso de Souza ^**Corresponding author: evelicesouza@gmail.com

Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. evelicesouza@gmail.com; natale@ufc.br; rosilenemesquita@ufc.br; rafaelsantiagodacosta@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal do CearáBrazilFortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. evelicesouza@gmail.com; natale@ufc.br; rosilenemesquita@ufc.br; rafaelsantiagodacosta@yahoo.com.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-4031

William Natale

Marilena de Melo Braga

Instituto Federal do Maranhão, Campus São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brazil. marilena.braga@ifma.edu.brInstituto Federal do MaranhãoBrazilSão Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brazil Instituto Federal do Maranhão, Campus São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brazil. marilena.braga@ifma.edu.br

Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita

Rafael Santiago da Costa

*Corresponding author: evelicesouza@gmail.com

This work is part of the first author’s Master Dissertation.

The authors declare there to be no conflict of interest in carrying out or publishing this work

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1:
Height (A), stem diameter (B) and number of leaves (C) of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sludge sewage (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

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Figure 2:
Leaf area (A) and main root length (B) of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

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Figure 3:
Mass of dry matter of the aerial part (A), mass of dry matter of the roots (B) and total dry matter mass (C) of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

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Figure 4:
Dickson Quality Index of papaya tree seedlings, grown on different substrates, Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

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Figure 5:
Photosynthesis (A) and water use efficiency (B) of papaya tree seedlings, grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

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Table 1:
Global density (Dg) and water retention capacity (CRA) of substrates organic composted, Fortaleza-CE, 2019

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Table 2:
Values of pH, CE, CTC and mineral elements of the substrates composted: commercial (C), green coconut shell (CC), carnaubeira palm butt (B) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza-CE, 2019

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Table 3:
Average values of accumulation of macronutrients, sodium element and micronutrients in the whole plant of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza-CE, 2019

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Table 4:
Average values of accumulation of heavy metals in the whole plant of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019

Figure 1: Height (A), stem diameter (B) and number of leaves (C) of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sludge sewage (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

Figure 2: Leaf area (A) and main root length (B) of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

Figure 3: Mass of dry matter of the aerial part (A), mass of dry matter of the roots (B) and total dry matter mass (C) of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

Figure 4: Dickson Quality Index of papaya tree seedlings, grown on different substrates, Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

Figure 5: Photosynthesis (A) and water use efficiency (B) of papaya tree seedlings, grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019.

Table 1: Global density (Dg) and water retention capacity (CRA) of substrates organic composted, Fortaleza-CE, 2019

Substrato	Dg (kg m^-3)	CRA (%)
Commercial	326	64
Green coconut shell	638	55
Carnaubeira palm butt	627	53
Sewage sludge	645	52

Dg - determined by the self-compacting method; CRA - determined with volumetric rings on a tension table.

Table 2: Values of pH, CE, CTC and mineral elements of the substrates composted: commercial (C), green coconut shell (CC), carnaubeira palm butt (B) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza-CE, 2019

Chemical element	Substrate
Chemical element	C	CC	B	L
pH	5.5	6.7	6.4	6.4
EC (mS cm^-1)	1.97	2.84	2.61	2.62
CTC (mmol_c kg^-1)	870	201	225	210
N-NH₄ ⁺ (g L^-1)	0.024	0.024	0.024	0.019
N-NO₃ ^- (g L^-1)	0.096	0.043	0.053	0.058
P (g L^-1)	0.001	0.027	0.052	0.024
K (g L^-1)	0.058	0.142	0.162	0.163
Ca (g L^-1)	1.737	2.566	2.469	1.850
Mg (g L^-1)	0.327	0.629	0.517	0.236
S (g L^-1)	1.277	1.931	1.777	1.275
Na (g L^-1)	0.135	0.078	0.081	0.073
Zn (mg L^-1)	0	0	0	4.90
Fe (mg L^-1)	1.4	0.15	0.20	0.50
Mn (mg L^-1)	3.05	1.10	2.35	1.35
Cu (mg L^-1)	0.05	0.10	0.10	0.95
Al (mg L^-1)	1.00	0.70	1.10	1.05
Ni (mg L^-1)	0	0.05	0	7.30
As (mg L^-1)	0	0	0	0
Cd (mg L^-1)	0	0	0	0
Cr (mg L^-1)	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Hg (mg L^-1)	0	0.05	0	0
Pb (mg L^-1)	0	0	0	0
Se (mg L^-1)	0	0	0	0.15

Extracted by the water-soluble nutrient method; pH in water 1:5; EC - electrical conductivity; CTC - cation exchange capacity.

Table 3: Average values of accumulation of macronutrients, sodium element and micronutrients in the whole plant of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza-CE, 2019

Substrate	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	Na	Zn	Mn	Cu	Ni
	(mg plant^-1)
C	0.7 d	6 b	10 c	8.0 b	4.2 b	1.8 c	21 c	62 c	6 b	1 b
B	13.3 a	84 a	47 a	30.7 a	14.5 a	7.4 a	226 a	148 a	33 a	13 b
CC	9.9 b	75 a	33 b	27.8 a	12.7 a	5.2 b	176 ab	106 b	45 a	14 b
L	3.2 c	14 b	20 c	5.9 b	6.0 b	3.5 bc	137 b	38 c	28 a	101 a

Means followed by the same letter in each column do not differ by Tukey test.

Table 4: Average values of accumulation of heavy metals in the whole plant of papaya tree seedlings grown on commercial substrates (C), carnaubeira palm butt (B), green coconut shell (CC) and sewage sludge (L), Fortaleza - CE, 2019

Substrate	Al	Cr	Pb	Se
	(mg plant^-1)
C	147 b	1.9 b	0.8 c	0.03 b
B	1156 a	23.0 a	18.4 a	0.0 b
CC	1154 a	20.6 a	11.0 b	0.89 b
L	320 b	5.6 b	1.5 c	2.3 a

Means followed by the same letter in each column do not differ by Tukey test.

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