Production of edible flowers: irrigation and biotechnology

Gonçalves, Joelma; Borges Júnior, João Carlos Ferreira; Souza, Francisco Adriano de; Silva, Ana Paula Coelho Madeira; Ferraz, Leila de Castro Louback

doi:10.1590/0034-737X202370020001

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Agricultural Engineering • Rev. Ceres 70 (2) • Mar-Apr 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X202370020001 copy

Production of edible flowers: irrigation and biotechnology¹ 1 This work is part of the master’s thesis of the first author, financed by FAPEMIG.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Garden pansy is a versatile gardening plant – it produces beautiful colorful edible-flowers with high value in gourmet cuisine. The use of irrigation and biotechnology in garden pansy cultivation can provide gains in flower productivity and nutritional value. The goal of this study was to evaluate the growth and edible flower production in garden pansy plants, submitted to different levels of irrigation and mycorrhizal inoculation. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks in the 2 x 5 factorial design, with the presence and absence of mycorrhizal inoculation in combination with 5 levels of irrigation with 6 replicates, in a greenhouse. There was no significant interaction between the factors mycorrhizal inoculation and irrigation levels by the F test. Under the tested conditions, the mycorrhizal inoculation was unable to provide significant changes in the growth, development and flowering of garden pansy plants. It was concluded that no symbiotic efficiency was pointed out between the mycorrhizal fungus used and garden pansy plants. The best growth and yield results for cultivating and producing edible flowers of garden pansy were obtained at the 100% replenishment level of water evaporation.

Keywords
Viola × wittrockiana; floriculture; water deficit; mycorrhizal fungi

Analysis	In Nature	Dry Base (65 °C)
pH in CaCl₂ 0.01m	7.17
Electric conductivity (μS/cm)	1.865x10³
Humidity lost at 65 °C (%)	24.08
WHC - Water holding capacity (%)	10.07	13.26
CEC - Cation exchange capacity (mmol_c kg^-1)	136.00	179.14
Total phosphorus - P (mg kg^-1)	1.99	2.62
Total potassium - K⁺ (mg kg^-1)	243.20	320.34
Total calcium - Ca⁺⁺ (mg kg^-1)	175.80	231.56
Total magnesium - Mg⁺⁺ (mg kg^-1)	64.58	85.06
Total sulfur - S (mg kg^-1)	48.32	63.65
Total copper - Cu⁺⁺ (mg kg^-1)	0.02	0.03
Total iron - Fe⁺⁺ (mg kg^-1)	1.03	1.36
Total manganese - Mn⁺⁺ (mg kg^-1)	0.00	0.00
Total zinc - Zn⁺⁺ (mg kg^-1)	0.01	0.01

		MS
F.V	G.L	RC (%)	H (cm)	NL	SFW (g)^0.14	SDW (g)	LA (cm²)^0.30	BD (mm)	RFW (g)	RDW (g)	RSFWR	RSDWR
C.V (%)		45.93	10.92	27.11	4.73	31.95	9.66	11.98	39.66	39.35	36.00	30.64
Blocos	5	128.90	5.1036	510.50	0.004	1.010	0.222	0.140	7.022	0.061	0.021	0.008
Mycorrhiza	1	14978.40	3.9578	851.30	0.001	0.015	0.473	0.435^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	44.582^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.195^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.367^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.058^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.
Irrigation	4	1085.40	28.9085^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	13615.60^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.220^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	8.011^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	9.453^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	1.736^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	55.507^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.226^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.092^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.020^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.
M^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance. I	4	1085.40^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	1.6013	438.40	0.001	0.078	0.092	0.213	2.908	0.019	0.015	0.005
Erro	45	52.70	1.5752	497.50	0.004	0.461	0.277	0.101	4.762	0.038	0.026	0.006

		MS
F.V	G.L	PFD+ (cm²)	FFW (g plant^-1)	FDW (g plant ^-1)^0.1	PROD (flowers plant^-1)
C.V (%)		13.17	35.23	3.67	37.94
Blocos	5	28.89	9.784	0.0149	6.54
Mycorrhiza	1	104.57	2.429	0.0030	2.60
Irrigation	4	1029.99^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	121.905^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	0.0766^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.	135.40^* *()** Significant effect by the F test at the 5% of significance.
M*I	4	10.57	3.144	0.0024	2.68
Erro	45	43.84	4.285	0.0013	8.97

Micorrhizal inoculation	H (cm)	NL	SFW (g)^0.14	SDW (g)	LA (cm²)^0.30	BD (mm)	RFW (g)	RDW (g)	RSFWR	RSDWR
NM	11.84 a	79 a	1.40 a	2.17 a	5.35 a	2.57 b	4.64 b	0.44 b	0.37 b	0.21 b
M	11.24 a	86 a	1.41 a	2.11 a	5.54 a	2.74 a	6.36 a	0.55 a	0.53 a	0.28 a

Mycorrhizal Inoculation	PFD (cm²)	FFW (g plant^-1)	FDW (g plant^-1)^0,1	PROD (flowers plant^-1)
NM	51,61 a	6,08 a	0,98 a	8,10 a
M	48,97 a	5,67 a	0,96 a	7,68 a

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[1] *Corresponding author: jcborges@ufsj.edu.br

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Production of edible flowers: irrigation and biotechnology1 1 This work is part of the master’s thesis of the first author, financed by FAPEMIG.

ABSTRACT

Production of edible flowers: irrigation and biotechnology¹ 1 This work is part of the master’s thesis of the first author, financed by FAPEMIG.