Canonical correlations between traits of cassava plants propagated by an adaptation of rapid multiplication method1

This study aimed to identify the correlations between traits of the groups stem cutting, seedling, stem, and root of cassava. Length, diameter, and weight of stem cutting (Group 1) were measured at each growing season (July, August, September, and October). A total of 300 cuttings were collected after sprouting and planted at seasons of September 22, October 7 and 19, and November 25. Plant height at planting, number of leaves at planting, and number of leaves at 7 days after planting were measured. The number of leaves at transplanting and plant height at transplanting were determined after acclimation (Group 2). Seedling transplanting was carried out on November 9 and 24 and December 3 and 26, and the traits stem (Group 3) and root (Group 4) yield were measured at harvest. Associations between the groups stem cutting and seedling were established by stem cutting diameter and weight, and height and number of leaves at planting. Seedling traits had the greatest influence on the number of buds per stem and stem diameter. Main stem branching height and stem diameter can be used for selecting plants with an indication of the best quality and yield of root traits.

Keywords
Manihot esculenta Crantz; plant propagation; multivariate analysis; relationship between traits

Authorship

André Schoffel ^**Corresponding author: andre-schoffel@hotmail.com

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. andre-schoffel@hotmail.com; sjlopes2008@gmail.com; adlucio@ufsm.brUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. andre-schoffel@hotmail.com; sjlopes2008@gmail.com; adlucio@ufsm.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2501-4834

Sidinei José Lopes

Jana Koefender

Universidade de Cruz Alta, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e Agrárias, Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. jkoefender@unicruz.edu.br; dgolle@unicruz.edu.br; ju_camera@yahoo.com.brUniversidade de Cruz AltaBrazilCruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade de Cruz Alta, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e Agrárias, Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. jkoefender@unicruz.edu.br; dgolle@unicruz.edu.br; ju_camera@yahoo.com.br

Alessandro Dal’Col Lúcio

Diego Pascoal Golle

Juliane Nicolodi Camera

*Corresponding author: andre-schoffel@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (3)

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Table 1
Coefficients of canonical pairs for traits of Groups 1 and 2 with stem cutting planting carried out in July, August, September, and October

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Table 2
Coefficients of canonical pairs for traits of Groups 2, 3, and 4 with stem cutting planting carried out in July, August, and September

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Table 3
Coefficients of canonical pairs for traits of Groups 2, 3, and 4 with stem cutting planting carried out in October

Table 1 Coefficients of canonical pairs for traits of Groups 1 and 2 with stem cutting planting carried out in July, August, September, and October

July				August
	Coefficients of canonical pairs				Coefficients of canonical pairs
Traits	1º	2º	3º	Traits	1º	2º	3º
Group 1				Group 1
SCL¹	-0.2222	0.1444	1.4051	SCL	0.4758	0.6176	1.3065
SCD	-0.7816	1.9226	1.4185	SCD	0.8642	2.0663	0.5731
SCW	1.6706	-1.3612	-1.4938	SCW	0.0368	-2.2456	-1.1741
Group 2				Group 2
NLP	-0.1870	-0.0244	-0.0517	NLP	-0.1763	0.3337	1.1005
NL 7 DAP	-0.2736	0.4588	-0.9256	NL 7 DAP	-0.2385	-1.1266	-0.0049
PHP	1.0986	-0.5630	0.1032	PHP	1.0858	-0.1988	-0.1823
PHT	-0.1835	0.1998	-0.8495	PHT	-0.0338	-0.3088	-0.1425
NLT	0.4141	0.6916	1.0781	NLT	0.1029	1.1879	0.0265
Canonical correlation (r)	0.4444^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1413^ns 1 SCL (stem cutting length); SCD (stem cutting diameter); SCW (stem cutting weight); NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting).	0.0561^ns 1 SCL (stem cutting length); SCD (stem cutting diameter); SCW (stem cutting weight); NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting).	Canonical correlation (r)	0.4844^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1539^ns 1 SCL (stem cutting length); SCD (stem cutting diameter); SCW (stem cutting weight); NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting).	0.1407^ns 1 SCL (stem cutting length); SCD (stem cutting diameter); SCW (stem cutting weight); NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting).
Significance (X²)	< 0.01	0.71	0.86	Significance (X²)	< 0.01	0.24	0.20
Degrees of freedom	15	8	3	Degrees of freedom	15	8	3
September				October
	Coefficients of canonical pairs				Coefficients of canonical pairs
Traits	1º	2º	3º	Traits	1º	2º
Group 1				Group 1
SCL	-0.0326	-0.6505	1.5648	SCL	0.3209	1.0423
SCD	0.4287	0.7590	2.4291	SCW	0.8277	-0.7101
SCW	0.6293	-0.5858	-2.7451	Group 2
Group 2				NLP	-0.8833	-1.6245
NLP	-0.6968	-0.9669	0.1756	NL 7 DAP	0.7842	1.7262
NL 7 DAP	0.1701	0.2100	0.1734	PHP	1.0958	-0.2572
PHP	1.0362	-0.3454	0.2321	NLT	-0.4790	0.1783
PHT	0.1041	0.1677	-1.2701	Canonical correlation (r)	0.3316^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1380^ns 1 SCL (stem cutting length); SCD (stem cutting diameter); SCW (stem cutting weight); NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting).
NLT	0.2567	0.7395	0.8973	Significance (X²)	< 0.01	0.24
Canonical correlation (r)	0.6344^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.2459^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1174^ns 1 SCL (stem cutting length); SCD (stem cutting diameter); SCW (stem cutting weight); NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting).	Degrees of freedom	8	3
Significance (X²)	< 0.01	< 0.05	0.35
Degrees of freedom	15	8	3

^*
Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).
¹
SCL (stem cutting length); SCD (stem cutting diameter); SCW (stem cutting weight); NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting).

Table 2 Coefficients of canonical pairs for traits of Groups 2, 3, and 4 with stem cutting planting carried out in July, August, and September

	July			August			September
	Coefficients of canonical pairs
Traits	1º	2º	3º	1º	2º	3º	1º	2º	3º
Group 2
NLP¹ 1 NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting); MSBH (main stem branching height); NLS (number of lateral shoots); NB (number of branches); NBS (number of buds per stem); SD (stem diameter); RFM (root fresh matter); RL (root length); RD (root diameter); NR (number of roots).	0.3673	0.0318	1.1499	0.8250	0.8886	-0.4666	-0.2889	-0.8995	1.2056
NL 7 DAP	-0.4766	0.5126	0.2292	-0.1035	-0.0074	1.2570	-0.0330	0.1568	-0.6756
PHP	-0.4238	0.5563	-0.9087	-0.0173	-0.6136	0.4007	0.5421	0.9518	0.4577
PHT	0.9743	0.1969	-0.0695	0.6228	-0.5874	-0.1692	0.6243	-0.7863	-0.5119
NLT	-0.0647	0.0217	-0.1987	-0.8747	0.3480	-0.6877	0.2570	0.3927	-0.1170
Group 3
MSBH	-0.8015	-0.5531	0.5582	-0.0398	-0.3349	-0.4170	0.1788	1.0901	0.1021
NLS	-0.2695	0.8587	0.4759	0.0550	-0.6357	0.3475	0.1692	0.0126	0.2829
NB	0.0581	-0.2236	0.5088	-0.6564	0.3375	-0.5016	-0.0576	0.2793	-0.2780
NBS	0.463	0.2485	0.1132	0.7230	0.1355	-0.6311	0.5184	-0.6803	-1.1829
SD	-1.0474	-0.0348	-0.4843	0.3591	0.5493	0.6167	0.4958	0.1989	1.1796
Canonical correlation (r)	0.5622^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.4217^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.2116^ns	0.2681^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.2257^ns	0.1825^ns	0.5997^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.3709^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1338^ns
Significance (X²)	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.34	0.02	0.07	0.16	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.78
Degrees of freedom	25	16	9	25	16	9	25	16	9
	July			August			September
	Coefficients of canonical pairs
Traits	1º	2º	3º	1º	2º	3º	1º	2º	3º
Group 2
NLP	-0.4268	-0.3569	0.4065	0.2886	-1.0246	-0.4481	0.2619	-1.2793	-0.9688
NL 7 DAP	0.8885	0.0456	-0.7740	-0.2386	-0.0119	0.9972	-0.0069	0.7857	0.7086
PHP	0.5667	-0.6027	0.5119	1.0500	0.4286	0.0056	-0.0490	0.9453	-0.6635
PHT	-0.4805	-0.0212	-0.4363	-0.3227	0.3326	0.8646	0.9500	0.0191	0.3906
NLT	-0.0386	0.8828	0.9633	-0.1672	-0.2911	-0.4815	-0.1162	-0.1964	0.2853
Group 4
RFM	0.0292	1.5130	1.2059	-0.0893	2.3362	1.3576	0.5242	2.0366	0.3079
RL	0.9356	-0.6697	-1.0342	1.2249	-0.9148	-0.6956	0.1261	-0.0033	0.4772
RD	-0.1318	0.2306	-0.0421	-0.8350	-1.0171	0.0886	-0.2840	-1.6874	0.3900
NR	0.3652	-1.4334	0.0637	0.4025	-2.1266	-0.2143	0.6220	-1.4440	-0.4633
Canonical correlation (r)	0.3070^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.2545^ns	0.1708^ns	0.2309^ns	0.1820^ns	0.1234^ns	0.3642^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1870^ns	0.1651^ns
Significance (X²)	< 0.01	0.06	0.39	0.25	0.49	0.70	< 0.01	0.18	0.23
Degrees of freedom	20	12	6	20	12	6	20	12	6
	July			August			September
	Coefficients of canonical pairs
Traits	1º	2º	3º	1º	2º	3º	1º	2º	3º
Group 3
MSBH	-0.4842	0.0007	1.0577	-0.4863	0.5390	0.6069	-0.6696	0.2718	0.8406
NLS	0.4677	-0.6644	0.2027	0.3964	0.4572	-0.2380	0.2613	-0.0650	0.5859
NB	0.0514	-0.5382	-0.1448	-0.0176	-0.6082	0.1060	0.0066	-0.2327	-0.2798
NBS	0.2008	-0.6709	-0.4368	0.0498	-0.5816	0.5362	0.0774	-1.3653	-0.3405
SD	0.6694	0.4938	0.7861	0.6804	0.4615	0.3262	0.6843	0.8587	0.5997
Group 4
RFM	-0.1663	1.6906	-0.5868	0.2633	2.6162	-0.6982	0.1063	1.6095	2.4575
RL	0.4979	-0.4563	1.2893	0.1912	-1.1491	1.1410	0.2781	-0.9077	-0.7008
RD	0.3599	-0.0639	-0.5722	0.4118	-0.7983	0.1542	0.3365	0.1946	-1.5904
NR	0.7570	-1.5762	0.0585	0.5858	-2.0929	0.0118	0.6973	-1.4943	-1.2525
Canonical correlation (r)	0.8314^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.3097^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1812^ns	0.8598^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.3560^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1785^ns	0.8664^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.2468^ns	0.1438^ns
Significance (X²)	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.10	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.13	< 0.01	0.08	0.52
Degrees of freedom	20	12	6	20	12	6	20	12	6

^*
Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).
¹
NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting); MSBH (main stem branching height); NLS (number of lateral shoots); NB (number of branches); NBS (number of buds per stem); SD (stem diameter); RFM (root fresh matter); RL (root length); RD (root diameter); NR (number of roots).

Table 3 Coefficients of canonical pairs for traits of Groups 2, 3, and 4 with stem cutting planting carried out in October

	October
	Coefficients of canonical pairs
Traits	1º	2º	3º
Group 2
NLP¹ 1 NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting); MSBH (main stem branching height); NB (number of branches); NBS (number of buds per stem); SL (stem length); SD (stem diameter); RFM (root fresh matter); RL (root length); RD (root diameter); NR (number of roots).	-0.4229	2.1411	-0.0885
NL 7 DAP	0.6745	-1.2782	1.2154
PHP	0.5847	-0.4938	-0.8268
PHT	0.3484	-0.5102	-0.2596
NLT	0.1050	0.2542	-0.1063
Group 3
MSBH	-0.1544	0.4997	-1.1924
NB	0.0183	0.0520	-0.0738
NBS	-0.6988	-0.9802	0.5375
SL	-0.0105	0.7978	0.7805
SD	0.9108	0.2893	-0.1285
Canonical correlation (r)	0.5099^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.3040^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1975^ns
Significance (X²)	< 0.01	< 0.05	0.30
Degrees of freedom	25	16	9
	October			October
	Coefficients of canonical pairs				Coefficients of canonical pairs
Traits	1º	2º	3º	Traits	1º	2º	3º
Group 2				Group 3
NLP	-0.6832	-0.7793	1.4623	MSBH	-0.3203	0.3138	0.5570
NL 7 DAP	0.8048	1.4489	-0.8320	NB	0.0471	-1.0766	0.1142
PHP	-0.4047	0.4303	-0.0776	NBS	0.3219	-0.0249	-0.5375
PHT	0.9663	-0.1735	-0.2717	SL	0.0945	-0.0471	-0.9413
NLT	0.0514	-0.4552	0.5627	SD	0.8123	0.6905	0.1981
Group 4				Group 4
RFM	0.2648	1.1190	-1.2183	RFM	0.5267	1.6157	2.2417
RL	-0.2922	0.6742	0.9781	RL	0.1397	0.0578	-1.4607
RD	0.9251	-0.7127	-0.2765	RD	0.1041	-1.4128	0.1182
NR	0.2644	-1.0800	1.5899	NR	0.4302	-1.1831	-1.7344
Canonical correlation (r)	0.3586^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.2463^ns	0.1611^ns		0.8599^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.3127^* * Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).	0.1509^ns
Significance (X²)	< 0.01	0.20	0.56		< 0.01	< 0.05	0.60
Degrees of freedom	20	12	6		20	12	6

^*
Significant by the chi-square test at 0.05 probability (P < 0.05).
¹
NLP (number of leaves at planting); NL 7 DAP (number of leaves at 7 days after planting); PHP (plant height at planting); PHT (plant height at transplanting); NLT (number of leaves at transplanting); MSBH (main stem branching height); NB (number of branches); NBS (number of buds per stem); SL (stem length); SD (stem diameter); RFM (root fresh matter); RL (root length); RD (root diameter); NR (number of roots).

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Canonical correlations between traits of cassava plants propagated by an adaptation of rapid multiplication method1

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[1] *Corresponding author: andre-schoffel@hotmail.com