Soybean off-season management practices: impacts on physical and chemical soil properties and crop yield

Santos, Esmael Lopes dos; Ribeiro, Ricardo Henrique; Ramalho, Bruna; Bratti, Felipe; Alievi, Cleonei; Debiasi, Henrique

doi:10.1590/0034-737X202370050020

Esmael Lopes dos Santos

Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz, Programa de Graduação em Agronomia, Cascavel, PR, Brazil. esmael.santos@embrapa.br; cleoneialievi@yahoo.com.br

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR, Brazil. esmael.santos@embrapa.br; henrique.debiasi@embrapa.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8206-4881

Ricardo Henrique Ribeiro ^**Corresponding author: kico_ribeiro@hotmail.com

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. kico_ribeiro@hotmail.com; bruu.ramalho@hotmail.com; felipe-bratti@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-5545

Bruna Ramalho

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. kico_ribeiro@hotmail.com; bruu.ramalho@hotmail.com; felipe-bratti@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-6140

Felipe Bratti

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. kico_ribeiro@hotmail.com; bruu.ramalho@hotmail.com; felipe-bratti@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-7183

Cleonei Alievi

Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz, Programa de Graduação em Agronomia, Cascavel, PR, Brazil. esmael.santos@embrapa.br; cleoneialievi@yahoo.com.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-0931

Henrique Debiasi

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR, Brazil. esmael.santos@embrapa.br; henrique.debiasi@embrapa.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9946-9578

*Corresponding author: kico_ribeiro@hotmail.com

Figures (1)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Time-line regarding the application of gypsum, chiseling and sowing of off-season crops, as well as soil sampling times (characterization of the area and study of the effects of treatments), sowing and harvesting of soybean (Glycine max) during the period of conduction of the experiment. Cascavel, PR, Brazil.

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Table 1
Physical and chemical attributes of the soil in the layers 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m prior to the implementation of the experiment. Cascavel-PR, Brazil

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Table 2
Interaction between gypsum (0 and 3500 kg ha^-1) application and off-season crop systems (maize (M), maize+brachiaria (M+B), millet+crotalaria/whea (Mi+C/W) and maize/black oats (M/O)) for soil physical attributes in the layers 0.0-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m of a distric Ferralsol. Cascavel, PR, Brazil

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Table 3
Interaction between tillage systems (no-tillage with and without chiseling) and off-season crop systems (maize (M), maize+brachiaria (M+B), millet+crotalaria/wheat (Mi+C/W) and maize/black oats (M/O)) for soil physical attributes in the layers 0.0-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m of a distric Ferralsol. Cascavel, PR, Brazil

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Table 4
Interaction between gypsum (0 and 3500 kg ha^-1) application and off-season crop systems (maize (M), maize+brachiaria (M+B), millet+crotalaria/whea (Mi+C/W) and maize/black oats (M/O)) for soil chemical attributes in the layers 0.0-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m of a distric Ferralsol. Cascavel, PR, Brazil

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Table 5
Interaction between tillage systems (no-tillage with and without chiseling) and off-season crop systems (maize (M), maize+brachiaria (M+B), millet+crotalaria/wheat (Mi+C/T) and maie/black oatsaveia (M/O)) for soil chemical attributes in the layers 0.0-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m of a distric Ferralsol. Cascavel, PR, Brazil

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Table 6
Soybean yield (kg ha^-1) with application of 0 and 3500 kg ha^-1 of gypsum, under no-tillage system (NT) and no-tillage system chiseling, and soybean off-season crop systems maize (M), maize+brachiaria (M+B), millet+crotalaria/wheat (Mi+C/W) and maize/black oats (M/O) for the for the 2014/2015 harvest. Cascavel-PR, Brazil

Soil physics
Layer	RP	BD		Macro	Micro	TP	Clay content
(m)	(kPa)	(g cm^-3)		(%)
0.0-0.1	1.4	1.11		13.26	46.50	59.76	75.90
0.1-0.2	1.9	1.16		10.84	46.81	57.63	80.58
0.2-0.3	1.6	1.13		9.07	49.66	58.72	83.47
Soil chemistry
Layer	OM	P	K	Ca	Mg	Al	H + Al
(m)	(g dm^-3)	(mg dm^-3)	(cmol_c dm^-3)
0.0-0.1	51.89	7.54	0.42	5.71	2.07	0.05	6.34
0.1-0.2	45.47	3.71	0.36	4.45	1.72	0.04	5.82
0.2-0.3	35.06	2.52	0.27	3.76	1.68	0.05	5.97

Crop systems	PR (kPa)		BD (g cm^-3)		Macro (%)		Micro (%)		TP (%)
Crop systems	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum
0.0-0.1 m layer
M	0.82 Bb	0.90 Aa¹ 1 Capital letter compare offs-season crop systems within each soil tillage system; lowercase letters compare tillage systems within each off-season crop systems by Tukey test at 5%.	0.97 Ba	0.97 Aa	21.68^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	20.45 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	43.28 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	44.60 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	65.03 Aa	64.93 Aa
M+B	1.58 Aa	1.12 Ab	1.08 Aa	1.02 Aa	14.30	17.37	47.10	45.88	63.23 ABa	61.40 Aa
Mi+C/W	0.88 Bb	1.03 Aa	0.95 Ba	1.02 Aa	20.00	16.70	44.52	46.52	63.25 ABa	64.52 Aa
M/O	0.77 Bb	1.38 Aa	0.97 ABb	1.07 Aa	21.07	17.67	43.90	43.23	60.92 Bb	64.97 Aa
0.1-0.2 m layer
M	1.18 Aa	1.27 Aa	1.12 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.05 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	15.98 Aa	14.40 Ba	45.10 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	46.05 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	61.07 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	60.43 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.
M+B	1.12 Ab	1.73 Aa	1.07	1.10	13.85 Bb	16.45 Aa	46.07	44.95	59.90	61.38
Mi+C/W	1.35 Aa	1.30 Aa	1.05	1.07	15.17 Aa	16.27 Aa	45.77	45.35	60.93	61.63
M/O	1.32 Aa	1.40 Aa	1.08	1.05	16.47 Aa	15.13 ABa	44.93	45.33	61.43	60.47
0.2-0.3 m layer
M	1.52 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.48 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.13 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.12 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	9.90 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	7.77 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	49.43 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	51.03 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	59.35 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	58.80 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.
M+B	1.65	1.47	1.12	1.08	9.83	12.57	49.15	48.08	58.97	60.63
Mi+C/W	1.88	1.90	1.12	1.13	9.55	9.42	49.85	49.78	59.42	59.20
M/O	1.55	1.48	1.10	1.05	10.65	12.20	49.18	49.78	59.82	62.02

Crop systems	PR (kPa)		BD (g cm^-3)		Macro (%)		Micro (%)		TP (%)
Crop systems	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT
0.0-0.1 m layer
M	1.00 Aa¹ 1 Capital letter compare offs-season crop systems within each soil tillage system; lowercase letters compare tillage systems within each off-season crop systems by Tukey test at 5%.	0.92 Ca	1.01 Aa	0.92 Bb	17.90^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	24.23 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	45.23 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	42.65 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	63.12 Ab	66.85 Aa
M+B	1.17 Ab	1.53 Aa	1.07 Aa	1.03 Aa	14.97	16.70	46.50	46.48	61.45 Aa	63.18 ABa
Mi+C/W	0.90 Ab	1.02 BCa	0.97 Aa	1.00 ABa	19.57	17.13	44.87	46.17	64.47 Aa	63.30 ABa
M/O	0.87 Ab	1.28 ABa	1.00 Aa	1.05 Aa	18.92	19.82	45.02	42.12	63.92 Aa	61.97 Ba
0.1-0.2 m layer
M	0.97 Ab	1.48 Aa	1.07 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.10 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	15.83 Aa	14.55 Aa	45.47 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	45.68 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	61.27 Aa	60.23 Aa
M+B	1.25 Ab	1.60 Aa	1.07	1.10	15.48 Aa	14.82 Aa	45.53	45.48	61.00 Aa	60.28 Aa
Mi+C/W	0.95 Ab	1.70 Aa	1.02	1.10	17.33 Aa	14.10 Aa	44.95	46.17	62.30 Aa	60.27 Aa
M/O	0.98 Ab	1.73 Aa	1.03	1.10	17.78 Aa	13.82 Ab	44.63	45.63	62.43 Aa	59.47 Ab
0.2-0.3 m layer
M	1.48 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.52 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.13 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.12 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	8.08 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	9.58 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	50.32 Aa	50.15 Aa	58.38 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.	59.77 ^ns ns = not significant. PR = soil resistance to penetration; BD = soil bulk density; Macro = macroporosity; Micro = microporosity; TP = total soil porosity; CV = coefficient of variation.
M+B	1.37	1.75	1.12	1.08	10.52	11.88	49.15 Aa	48.08 Aa	59.65	59.95
Mi+C/W	1.87	1.92	1.13	1.12	9.60	9.37	49.73 Aa	49.90 Aa	59.32	59.30
M/O	1.38	1.65	1.12	1.03	11.87	10.98	48.22 Ab	50.75 Aa	60.10	61.73

Crop systems	OM		P		K		Ca		Mg		Al
	(g dm^-3)		(mg dm^-3)		(cmolc dm^-3)
	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum	No gypsum	With gypsum
0.0-0.1 m layer
M	51.81^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	54.91^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	22.43^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	20.44^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.46 Aa¹ 1 Capital letter compare offs-season crop systems within each soil tillage system; lowercase letters compare tillage systems within each off-season crop systems by Tukey test at 5%.	0.41 Ba	4.31 ABb	5.72 Aa	2.00 Aa	2.07 Aa	0.18 ABb	0.32 Aa
M+B	52.40	54.80	21.77	24.53	0.49 Aa	0.46 ABa	4.62 ABb	5.25 Aa	1.87 Aa	1.50 Aa	0.13 ABa	0.17 Ba
Mi+C/W	50.06	52.08	20.77	22.19	0.47 Aa	0.61 Aa	5.55 Aa	5.44 Aa	2.48 Aa	1.71 Ab	0.06 Ba	0.13 Ba
M/O	50.16	54.53	22.98	19.48	0.56 Aa	0.56 ABa	3.81 Bb	5.66 Aa	1.85 Aa	2.00 Aa	0.23 Aa	0.10 Bb
0.1-0.2 m layer
M	47.86^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	49.30^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	20.82 Aa	14.04 Bb	0.40 Aa	0.20 Ab	4.26^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	3.61^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.80 Aa	1.29 Ab	0.35 ^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.39 ^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.
M+B	47.55	50.70	18.26 Aa	14.94 Ba	0.39 Aa	0.26 Ab	4.91	3.86	1.55 Aa	1.38 Aa	0.31	0.52
Mi+C/W	49.10	52.12	17.02 Aa	15.11 Ba	0.35 Aa	0.36 Aa	4.11	3.77	1.69 Aa	1.35 Aa	0.38	0.56
M/O	51.76	51.39	19.01 Ab	28.19 Aa	0.28 Aa	0.24 Aa	3.58	3.61	1.81 Aa	1.38 Ab	0.38	0.36
0.2-0.3 m layer
M	45.95^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	43.45^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	10.72 Aa	4.25 Ab	0.19 Ba	0.16 ABa	2.91^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	3.24^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.14^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.04^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.73 Aa	0.46 Bb
M+B	45.15	44.35	6.36 BCa	4.79 Aa	0.28 Aa	0.22 Ab	3.27	2.83	1.15	1.04	0.31 Bb	0.68 ABa
Mi+C/W	46.86	44.57	4.94 Ca	5.00 Aa	0.18 Ba	0.13 Ba	2.99	3.18	1.09	1.10	0.83 Aa	0.98 Aa
M/O	42.59	43.82	8.12 ABa	5.96 Aa	0.21 ABa	0.22 Aa	3.21	3.00	1.15	1.06	0.56 ABa	0.63 Aa

Crop systems	OM		P		K		Ca		Mg		Al
	(g dm^-3)		(mg dm^-3)		(cmolc dm^-3)
	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT	Chiseling	NT
0.0-0.1 m layer
M	52.67^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	54.05^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	19.82^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	23.05^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.46^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.41^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	4.98 Aa¹ 1 Capital letter compare offs-season crop systems within each soil tillage system; lowercase letters compare tillage systems within each off-season crop systems by Tukey test at 5%.	5.05 Aa	1.87^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	2.20^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.18 Ab	0.31 Aa
M+B	54.16	53.04	22.78	23.52	0.49	0.46	4.73 Aa	5.14 Aa	1.50	1.88	0.21 Aa	0.09 Bb
Mi+C/W	51.34	50.80	21.12	21.84	0.58	0.50	4.90 Ab	6.08 Aa	1.98	2.21	0.09 Aa	0.09 Ba
M/O	52.24	52.46	23.97	18.50	0.55	0.58	4.57 Aa	4.90 Aa	1.59	2.16	0.16 Aa	0.17 Ba
0.1-0.2 m layer
M	48.82^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	48.35^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	19.03 Ba	15.81 Ba	0.28 Ba	0.32 ABa	3.68 Aa	4.19 Aa	1.50^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	1.61^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.29^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.45^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.
M+B	49.26	48.99	12.86 Bb	20.33 Aa	0.25 Bb	0.41 Aa	3.96 Aa	3.81 ABa	1.49	1.43	0.44	0.38
Mi+C/W	49.30	51.92	14.25 Ba	17.88 ABa	0.48 Aa	0.23 Bb	3.44 Ab	4.44 Aa	1.42	1.62	1.68	0.47
M/O	50.86	52.30	28.98 Aa	18.22 Ab	0.27 Ba	0.25 ABa	4.08 Aa	3.12 Bb	1.48	1.41	0.32	0.42
0.2-0.3 m layer
M	44.94^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	44.64^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	6.16 Ab	8.79 Aa	0.16 Ba	0.19 Ba	3.51 Aa	2.63 Aa	1.28^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.90^ns ns = not significant. P = phosphorus; K = potassium; Ca = calcium; Mg = magnesium; Al = aluminum; CV = coefficient of variation.	0.52 Ba	0.67 Aa
M+B	44.62	44.89	5.24 Aa	5.88 ABa	0.20 Ab	0.30 Aa	2.96 Aa	3.13 Aa	1.06	1.13	0.38 Ba	0.60 Aa
Mi+C/W	46.54	44.89	4.64 Aa	5.31 Ba	0.20 Aa	0.15 Ba	3.20 Aa	2.96 Aa	1.16	1.03	0.94 Aa	0.86 Aa
M/O	42.75	43.65	7.12 Aa	6.96 ABa	0.24 Aa	0.19 Ba	2.49 Ab	3.72 Aa	0.93	1.28	0.62 Ba	0.58 Aa

Treatment	Soybean yield (kg ha^-1)
0 kg ha^-1 of gypsum	3812 ^ns ns = not significant; CV = coefficient of variation.
3500 kg ha^-1 of gypsum	3996
CV (%)	11.69
Chiseling	3876 ^ns ns = not significant; CV = coefficient of variation.
NT	3932
CV (%)	11.64
M	3694 ^ns ns = not significant; CV = coefficient of variation.
M+B	3976
Mi+C/W	3884
M/O	4062
CV (%)	11.55

[1] *Corresponding author: kico_ribeiro@hotmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Soybean off-season management practices: impacts on physical and chemical soil properties and crop yield¹ 1 This publication was extracted from Cleonei Alievi bachelor graduation monograph. This work recieved financial support from Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz.

ABSTRACT

Brasil

Brasil

Soybean off-season management practices: impacts on physical and chemical soil properties and crop yield1 1 This publication was extracted from Cleonei Alievi bachelor graduation monograph. This work recieved financial support from Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz.

ABSTRACT

Soybean off-season management practices: impacts on physical and chemical soil properties and crop yield¹ 1 This publication was extracted from Cleonei Alievi bachelor graduation monograph. This work recieved financial support from Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz.