Production of organic fertilizer based on sewage sludge cultivated with grass under an aeration system

Cardoso, Paulo Henrique Silveira; Gonçalves, Paula Wellen Barbosa; Alves, Gustavo de Oliveira; Pegoraro, Rodinei Facco; Sampaio, Regynaldo Arruda

doi:10.1590/0034-737X202168050012

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Soil and plant nutrition • Rev. Ceres 68 (5) • Sep-Oct 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X202168050012 copy

Production of organic fertilizer based on sewage sludge cultivated with grass under an aeration system¹ This work is part of the first author’s Master Dissertation.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The cultivation of grasses in sewage sludge (SS) with aeration has the potential for stabilization of sludge organic matter in the production of organic fertilizer. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the cultivation of Urochloa brizantha and Pennisetum purpureum under aerated system on the chemical and biological attributes of SS to obtain a matured organic fertilizer. The study was conducted in a randomized block design in a 2x2+2 factorial scheme with four replications. Factors consisted of cultivation of P. purpureum or U. brizantha in SS, with or without intermittent aeration. Control treatments were SS without cultivation, with or without aeration. Sewage sludge was collected in layers and the chemical and microbial attributes were evaluated. There was no significant difference between treatments for grass dry matter. The C/N ratio was not matched with organic fertilizer stabilization due to similar losses of C and N (~7%). However, microbial activity was reduced in the presence of plant cultivation demonstrating improvement in the properties of the organic fertilizer produced. Through uni- and multivariate analysis, organic fertilizer produced from SS aerated and cultivated with P. purpureum showed matured organic matter.

Keywords:
biodegradation; biosolid; organic matter; residue recycling

Universidade Federal de Viçosa Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 31) 3612-2078 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: ceres@ufv.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: paulohscardoso@usp.br

Attributes	Unity	Value	Attributes	Unity	Value	Attributes	Unity	Value
pH CaCl₂	-	5.9	P	g kg^-1	7.8	Mn	mg kg^-1	120.0
OC	g kg^-1	323.0	K	g kg^-1	4.0	Ni	mg kg^-1	23.0
Total N	g kg^-1	32.0	Ca	g kg^-1	10.3	Pb	mg kg^-1	31.0
CEC	mmol_c kg^-1	916.0	Mg	g kg^-1	1.6	BR	mg kg^-1 h^-1	3.8
OM	g kg^-1	572.0	Fe	mg kg^-1	3,075.0	CR	mg kg^-1	68.0
TMW	g kg^-1	428.0	Na	mg kg^-1	618.0	MBC	mg kg^-1	10,715.0
C/N	-	10.0	Zn	mg kg^-1	283.0	qMIC	%	3.3
CEC/C	-	28.0	Cu	mg kg^-1	112.0	qCO₂	mg g^-1 MBC h^-1	0.3

Treat.	DMAP	DMR	DMT
Treat.	------------- g per plant -------------
WAPP	49.3±22.7	22.2±12.4	71.5±20.7
NAPP	43.6±33.6	20.1±10.4	63.7±26.9
WAUB	35.6±37.3	9.5±4.5	45.1±24.9
NAUB	51.7±30.2	10.5±5.2	62.3±21.0

Treataments / Contrasts	pH in CaCl₂ 0.01 mol L^-1						Organic Carbon (g kg^-1)
	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50
	cm
WANC	6.32	6.31	6.32	6.29	6.13	6.28 a	298	305	274	283	322	296 abc
NANC	6.19	6.20	6.17	6.21	6.12	6.18 ab	271	293	291	298	290	289 c
WAPP	5.84	5.91	5.94	6.11	6.15	5.97 b	304	320	314	322	290	310 a
NAPP	6.19	6.11	6.08	6.11	6.17	6.13 ab	293	302	276	296	342	302 abc
WAUB	6.10	6.04	6.29	6.35	6.32	6.22 ab	288	285	311	288	280	290 bc
NAUB	6.19	6.18	6.13	6.16	6.08	6.15 ab	314	305	305	314	302	308 ab
Average	6.14	6.13	6.16	6.21	6.16	6.16	295	302	295	300	304	299
C₁ = NS - CS	0.70^*	0.78^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	0.45^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	-40^*
C₂ = WANC - NANC	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₃ = PP - UB	^ns	^ns	-0.40^*	^ns	^ns	-0.27^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	51^*	^ns
C₄ = WAPP - NAPP	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	26^*	^ns	8^**
C₅ = WAUB - NAUB	-0.09^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	5.3^*	^ns	-22^**	^ns
CV (%)	2.85	3.06	2.78	3.70	4.24	1.85	8.38	6.32	7.73	5.70	7.81	2.75

Treataments / Contrasts	Total N (g kg^-1)						Cation Exchange Capacity (mmol_c kg^-1)
	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50
	cm
WANC	29.5	29.4	29.2	29.2	28.4	29.1 a	918	909	870	886	860	889 a
NANC	28.7	28.6	28.0	28.7	27.7	28.3 a	873	878	858	831	842	856 a
WAPP	29.1	29.2	29.0	31.5	32.1	30.2 a	912	925	921	877	872	901 a
NAPP	30.1	29.6	29.9	30.3	31.5	30.3 a	945	912	850	865	889	892 a
WAUB	29.7	29.9	30.2	30.9	30.7	30.3 a	932	918	885	904	912	910 a
NAUB	30.3	29.8	30.3	32.8	31.0	30.9 a	946	884	918	900	915	913 a
Average	29.6	29.4	29.5	30.6	30.2	29.9	921	904	884	877	882	894
C₁ = NS - CS	^ns	^ns	^ns	-9.7^*	-13.1^*	-6.9^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	-184^*	-126^*
C₂ = WANC - NANC	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₃ = PP - UB	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₄ = WAPP - NAPP	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₅ = WAUB - NAUB	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
CV (%)	4.29	4.44	6.18	8.69	10.19	5.52	6.00	4.23	5.77	4.96	4.81	3.81

Treataments / Contrasts	C/N ratio						CEC/C ratio
	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50
	cm
WANC	10.3	10.8	9.2	9.6	11.0	10.2 a	31.9	29.8	32.3	30.5	26.8	30.1 a
NANC	9.4	10.5	9.5	10.4	10.1	10.3 a	32.5	30.3	29.8	27.9	29.1	29.7 a
WAPP	10.2	11.0	11.0	11.1	10.0	10.7 a	30.1	29.3	29.4	27.3	30.2	29.2 a
NAPP	10.0	10.3	9.1	9.8	11.6	10.1 a	32.3	30.3	31.1	29.3	26.0	29.6 a
WAUB	9.6	9.6	10.9	9.7	9.4	9.7 a	32.4	32.3	28.7	30.5	33.0	31.4 a
NAUB	10.7	10.4	10.5	10.4	10.2	10.2 a	30.1	29.1	30.2	28.7	30.3	29.6 a
Average	10.1	10.4	10.1	10.2	10.4	10.2	31.5	30.2	30.2	29.0	29.2	29.9
C₁ = NS - CS	^ns	^ns	-4.0^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₂ = WANC - NANC	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₃ = PP - UB	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	2.0^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	-7.1^**	^ns
C₄ = WAPP - NAPP	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	-1.0^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	-0.4^*
C₅ = WAUB - NAUB	^ns	^ns	0.3^*	-0.7^*	-0.8^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	2.7^*	^ns
CV (%)	9.00	7.49	9.68	7.45	8.11	6.51	11.33	5.7	9.73	5.91	7.25	3.91

Treataments / Contrasts	BR	CR	Microbial biomass carbon (mg kg^-1)
	0-50	0-50	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50
	cm
WANC	1.70 a	23.0 a	1,432	1,075	1,947	1,818	2,830	1,820 a
NANC	2.38 a	32.3 a	1,515	1,661	2,012	1,201	1,700	1,618 a
WAPP	1.68 a	28.5 a	2,604	2,657	2,340	1,747	1,973	2,264 a
NAPP	1.72 a	25.4 a	2,482	1,432	969	956	2,936	1,755 a
WAUB	2.42 a	35.8 a	1,734	900	2,106	2,546	2,733	2,004 a
NAUB	1.86 a	31.3 a	2,079	1,754	2,884	1,203	2,194	2,023 a
Average	1.96	29.4	1,975	1,580	2,043	1,579	2,394	1,914
C₁ = NS - CS	^ns	^ns	-3,005^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₂ = WANC - NANC	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₃ = PP - UB	^ns	^ns	^ns	1,435^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₄ = WAPP - NAPP	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₅ = WAUB - NAUB	^ns	^ns	^ns	-854^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
CV (%)	40.1	33.9	35.8	41.4	85.7	57.8	38.6	41.0

Treataments / Contrasts	Metabolic Quotient (mg C-CO₂ g^-1 MBC h^-1)						Microbial Quotient (%)
	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50	0-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	>40	0-50
	cm
WANC	0.93	1.69	0.79	0.81	0.70	1.03 a	0.49	0.35	0.70	0.67	0.88	0.62 a
NANC	1.25	1.26	1.50	1.39	1.17	1.51 a	0.57	0.58	0.67	0.41	0.60	0.57 a
WAPP	0.81	0.64	0.74	0.95	0.99	0.75 a	0.87	0.85	0.76	0.55	0.71	0.74 a
NAPP	0.88	1.50	1.30	1.13	0.64	1.04 a	0.86	0.49	0.33	0.33	0.87	0.59 a
WAUB	1.07	1.97	1.47	0.87	0.90	1.27 a	0.59	0.31	0.66	0.87	0.98	0.68 a
NAUB	0.87	1.00	1.43	1.29	0.84	1.01 a	0.67	0.59	0.96	0.39	0.74	0.66 a
Average	0.97	1.34	1.21	1.07	0.87	1.10	0.68	0.53	0.68	0.54	0.80	0.64
C₁ = NS - CS	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	-0.87^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₂ = WANC - NANC	^ns	^ns	^ns	-0.58^**	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₃ = PP - UB	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₄ = WAPP - NAPP	^ns	-0.86^*	^ns	-0.18^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
C₅ = WAUB - NAUB	^ns	0.97^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	-0.28^*	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
CV (%)	36.9	36.9	56.3	22.3	39.0	41.0	34.5	44.4	82.3	59.9	38.6	29.7

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Production of organic fertilizer based on sewage sludge cultivated with grass under an aeration system1 This work is part of the first author’s Master Dissertation.

ABSTRACT

Production of organic fertilizer based on sewage sludge cultivated with grass under an aeration system¹ This work is part of the first author’s Master Dissertation.