Inbreeding depression and genetic variability of populations for green maize production

Cascão, Luma Mariano; Santana, Priscilla Neves de; Costa, Nayana Valéria; Crispim Filho, Ailton José; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos

doi:10.1590/0034-737X202269060010

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Plant Breeding Applied to Agriculture • Rev. Ceres 69 (6) • Nov-Dec 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X202269060010 copy

Inbreeding depression and genetic variability of populations for green maize production¹ 1 This work is part of the Master’s Thesis of the first author

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The production of green maize is considerable important for various regions of Brazil. It is vital that breeding programs of public institutions seek to meet the needs of this market sector, which has a relevant social role, mainly on small properties. The aim of this study was to estimate the inbreeding depression and the genetic components (m + a and d) of characters associated with green maize production and quality in three populations of different genetic basis: the variety UFG-Samambaia (P1), and two populations formed by crossing the commercial hybrids (P2 e P3). The S₁ progenies of each population, the three S₀ populations, and two checks were evaluated in a 14 × 14 triple lattice design. Agronomic and ear quality traits were evaluated. Genetic variability and greater inbreeding depression were observed for most of the traits among the P1 progenies. In P2 and P3, greater inbreeding depression was observed for male flowering, ear weight without straw, ear diameter, ear weight, female flowering, breakage and lodging, and grain color. The traits of ear quality, important for green maize production, had greater inbreeding depression than the agronomic traits, indicating that inbreeding depression and exploitation of heterosis should be considered in the selection process for these traits.

Keywords
Zea mays ; line; hybrids; quality traits

Trait¹ 1/ EW: ear weight (t ha-1); PH: plant height (cm); EH: ear height (cm); RP: relative position of the ear; BL: breakage and lodging; FF: female flowering (days); MF: male flowering (days); GW: grain mass (kg ha-1); EWW: ear weight without straw (kg ha-1); EL: ear length without straw (cm); ED: ear diameter (cm); KA: kernel alignment on the ear (scoring scale); HP: ear straw production (scoring scale); GC: grain color (scoring scale).	Genotype	Deviance	μ	$σ_{g}^{2}$	h²
Agronomic traits
EW	S₀	41.60^* *,** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	12.37	6.25	0.82
EW	S₁	2675.20^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	7.10	1.70	0.56
PH	S₀	68.96	183.78	-	-
PH	S₁	4746.40^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	169.38	56.12	0.53
EH	S₀	66.38	95.11	-	-
EH	S₁	4482.10^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	92.62	59.16	0.71
RP	S₀	-37.23	0.52	-	-
RP	S₁	-1843.60^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	0.55	1.07	0.72
BL	S₀	58.47	5.14	-	-
BL	S₁	4362.70	7.83	-	-
FF	S₀	39.45	58.56	-	-
FF	S₁	2862.30^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	61.89	3.49	0.68
MF	S₀	37.02	60.44	-	-
MF	S₁	2972.60^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	63.60	3.22	0.58
Ear quality traits
GW	S₀	128.98	3837.43	-	-
GW	S₁	9135.70^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	1587.71	125700	0.48
EWW	S₀	130.11^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	5680.55	957340	0.84
EWW	S₁	9512.1^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	3658.61	500633	0.73
EL	S₀	32.98	20.27	-	-
EL	S₁	2739.5^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	16.43	3.30	0.74
ED	S₀	4.90	4.28	-	-
ED	S₁	571.36^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	3.77	0.05	0.62
KA	S₀	6.39	1.73	-	-
KA	S₁	1328.60^* *,** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	2.59	0.05	0.24
HP	S₀	23.48	2.62	-	-
HP	S₁	1252.10^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	2.12	0.17	0.58
GC	S₀	25.10	2.91	-	-
GC	S₁	1095.00^ ,*** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	1.88	0.06	0.36

Trait¹ 1/ EW: ear weight (t ha-1); PH: plant height (cm); EH: ear height (cm); RP: relative position of the ear; BL: breakage and lodging; FF: female flowering (days); MF: male flowering (days).	Pop.	Deviance	$σ_{g}^{2}$	h²	μ	SA	CVe	CVg
EW	P1	955.66^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	1.82	57.59	5.73	76.02	34.78	23.50
	P2	662.76	-	-	7.55	46.44	26.43	-
	P3	979.41	-	-	8.34	40.06	23.91	-
PH	P1	1881.2^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	126.05	71.74	166.26	84.96	7.34	6.82
	P2	1111.2	-	-	169.09	0.00	7.22	-
	P3	1775.2	-	-	172.06	37.96	7.09	-
EH	P1	1745.2^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	64.07	72.16	88.26	84.95	9.76	9.07
	P2	993.85^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	25.77	51.04	89.09	71.45	9.67	5.73
	P3	1647.00	-	-	99.12	53.33	8.69	-
RP	P1	-742.06^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	0.95	69.72	0.53	83.69	6.57	5.80
	P2	-481^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	0.0004	0.10	0.52	3.11	6.87	3.81
	P3	-777.36^* *, ** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	0.0002	0.06	0.58	2.45	5.89	2.73
BL	P1	1745.3	-	-	9.23	0.50	94.17	-
	P2	1045.1	-	-	8.92	42.02	114.46	-
	P3	1561.30	-	-	5.23	0.08	195.20	-
MF	P1	1033.28^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	2.57	61.47	60.31	78.4	2.88	2.66
	P2	637.58	-	-	61.79	40.79	3.55	-
	P3	1005.10	-	-	63.66	54.45	3.45	-
FF	P1	1179.8^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	3.92	62.79	63.17	79.24	4.18	3.14
	P2	672.06^* *, ** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT	1.98	99.88	62.78	99.94	4.21	2.24
	P3	1066.00	-	-	64.62	52.35	4.09	-

Trait	Prog.	Deviance	$σ_{g}^{2}$	h²	μ	SA	CVe	CVg
GW	P1	3537.2^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	233768	94.53	1413.52	97.22	45.05	34.20
	P2	2132.6	-	-	1679.23	0	37.77	-
	P3	3452.4	-	-	1716.94	34.21	34.73	-
EWW	P1	3574.5^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	274163	60.19	2844.72	77.58	25.93	18.41
	P2	2245.5	-	-	4057.75	53.61	18.18	-
	P3	3478.7	-	-	4258.50	0.04	17.32	-
EL	P1	1019.2^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	2.75	70.71	14.95	84.09	12.37	24.71
	P2	610.17	-	-	16.81	51.77	2.94	-
	P3	929.21	-	-	17.86	26.58	11.72	-
ED	P1	252.99^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	0.09	74.32	3.62	86.21	8.53	8.38
	P2	117.39	-	-	3.86	0	8.01	-
	P3	142.26	-	-	3.87	43.56	7.97	-
KA	P1	507.63	-	-	2.75	43.72	26.26	-
	P2	286.89	-	-	2.66	0.16	27.11	-
	P3	495.88	-	-	2.38	22.05	30.40	-
HP	P1	428.5^* *, ** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	0.08	38.40	1.84	61.96	32.89	14.99
	P2	278.9^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	0.13	99.91	2.16	99.95	28.08	16.66
	P3	446.98^* *, ** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	0.08	39.72	2.41	63.02	25.17	11.79
GC	P1	454.49^ , *** significant at 1% and 5% probability by the LRT.	0.14	56.22	2.03	74.98	28.30	18.51
	P2	266.35	-	-	1.79	50.63	32.17	-
	P3	351.79	-	-	1.78	1.14	32.34	-

Trait¹ 1 EW: ear weight (t ha-1); PH: plant height (cm); EH: ear height (cm); RP: relative position of the ear; BL: breakage and lodging; FF: female flowering (days); MF: male flowering (days).	POP	m + a	d	ID%
EW	P1	1.75 (1.23; 2.28)	8.27 (7.75; 8.79)	41.26 (30.11; 52.40)
	P2	2.82 (2.70; 2.96)	9.45 (9.32; 9.58)	38.48 (24.26; 52.70)
	P3	1.84 (1.75; 1.93)	12.96 (12.87; 13.04)	43.78 (32.15; 55.40)
PH	P1	149.01 (144.50; 153.52)	37.24 (32.80; 41.68)	10.00 (3.21; 16.79)
	P2	158.95 (158.95; 158.95)	20.29 (20.29; 20.29)	5.66 (1.09; 12.41)
	P3	158.19 (1.57.74; 158.63)	27.67 (27.23; 28.11)	7.44 (1.29; 13.59)
EH	P1	84.81 (81.75; 87.86)	8.42 (5.41; 11.43)	4.52 (0.18; 9.22)
	P2	87.53 (85.30; 89.77)	3.13 (0.93; 5.33)	1.73 (-2.08; 5.53)
	P3	96.57 (95.89; 97.24)	4.88 (4.21; 5.54)	2.40 (-1.18; 5.99)
RP	P1	0.57 (0.56; 0.58)	-0.08 (-0.09; -0.06)	-7.64 (-13.65; -1.63)
	P2	0.54 (0.53; 0.55)	-0.03 (-0.04; -0.03)	-3.26 (-8.45; 1.93)
	P3	0.60 (0.60; 0.61)	-0.06 (-0.06; -0.05)	-5.10 (-10.25; 0.05)
BL	P1	10.87 (10.87; 10.87)	-3.29 (-3.29; -3.29)	-21.73 (-31.06; 12.40)
	P2	12.45 (11.83; 13.08)	-7.03 (-7.65; -6.42)	-64.93 (-78.87; -50.99)
	P3	8.03 (8.03; 8.03)	-5.60 (-5.60; -5.60)	-115.15 (-115.15; -115.15)
MF	P1	63.72 (63.16; 64.28)	-6.79 (-7.34; -6.23)	-5.96 (-11.32; -0.60)
	P2	65.48 (65.33; 65.63)	-7.40 (-7.55; -7.25)	-6.37 (-13.51; 0.76)
	P3	66.67 (66.47; 66.87)	-6.02 (-6.22; -5.82)	-4.96 (-10.05; 0.12)
FF	P1	66.04 (65.32; 66.75)	-5.60 (-6.3; -4.89)	-4.63 (-9.39; 0.13)
	P2	65.09 (64.51; 65.67)	-4.67 (-5.24; -4.11)	-3.87 (-9.50; 1.77)
	P3	68.67 (68.45; 68.90)	-8.20 (-8.42; -7.98)	-6.78 (-12.67; -0.89)

Trait¹	POP	m + a	d	ID%
GW	P1	-998.30 (-1176.89; -819.72)	4835.74 (4659.85; 5011.63)	63.01 (52. 08; 73.93)
	P2	-479.97 (-479.97; -479.97)	4316.40(4316.40; 4316.40)	56.24 (41.75; 71.74)
	P3	-397.76 (-416.5; -379.02)	4235.19 (4216.73; 4253.65)	55.18 (43.53; 66.83)
EWW	P1	1130.16(936.07; 1324.25)	3448.49 (3257.83; 3640.15)	37.66 (26.69; 48.63)
	P2	-118.43(-412.57; 175.70)	6175.24 (5885.54; 6464.95)	50.98 (36.37; 65.58)
	P3	2111.28 (1735.15; 2487.41)	4294.42 (3926.96; 4664.88)	33.52 (22.46; 44.56)
EL	P1	10.65 (10.00; 11.29)	9.08 (8.44; 9.71)	23.01 (13.49; 32.53)
	P2	13.46 (13.28; 13.63)	6.70 (6.54; 6.88)	16.63 (5.75; 27.51)
	P3	14.81 (14.78; 14.85)	6.10 (6.07; 6.13)	14.59 (6.32; 22.85)
ED	P1	4.56 (4.50; 4.62)	0.93 (0.81; 1.05)	11.33 (4.16; 18.51)
	P2	4.85 (4.85; 4.85)	1.00 (1.00; 1.00)	11.44 (2.14; 20.74)
	P3	4.88 (4.87; 4.88)	1.00 (0.98; 1.02)	11.41 (3.96; 18.85)
KA	P1	3.77 (3.73; 3.81)	-2.04 (-2.08; -2.00)	-58.82 (-69.96; -47.68)
	P2	3.44 (3.44; 3.44)	-1.57 (-1.57; -1.57)	-41.69 (-56.09; -27.28)
	P3	3.16 (3.15; 3.17)	-1.58 (-1.58; -1.57)	-49.58 (-61.29; -37.86)
HP	P1	3.04 (3.00; 3.08)	1.25 (1.18; 1.33)	25.95 (16.03; 35.87)
	P2	3.39 (3.32; 3.47)	1.24 (1.08; 1.39)	22.30 (10.14; 34.46)
	P3	3.13 (3.09; 3.18)	0.72 (0.64; 0.80)	12.97 (5.10; 20.84)
GC	P1	1.21 (1.08; 1.34)	1.70 (1.58;1.83)	29.27 (18.97; 39.57)
	P2	0.68 (0.63; 0.72)	2.23 (2.19; 2.28)	38.38 (24.17; 52.60)
	P3	0.65 (0.65; 0.65)	2.26 (2.26; 2.26)	38.9 (27.48; 50.32)

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[1] *Corresponding author: pgsantos@ufg.br

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Inbreeding depression and genetic variability of populations for green maize production1 1 This work is part of the Master’s Thesis of the first author

ABSTRACT

Inbreeding depression and genetic variability of populations for green maize production¹ 1 This work is part of the Master’s Thesis of the first author