Size |
SIZE |
ln(net revenues) |
+ |
Economatica |
Kim et al. (2003Kim, Y., Liu, C., & Rhee, S. G. (2003). The relation of earnings management to firm size. Journal of Management Research, 4(1), 81-88.); Martinez & Leal (2019Martinez, A. L., & Leal, L. V. (2019). Conformidade contábil-fiscal e gerenciamento de resultados contábeis no Brasil. Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Economia, 18(1), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.18593/race.18854 https://doi.org/10.18593/race.18854...
) |
Indebtedness |
DEBT |
(short and long term debt)/(total assets) |
+ |
Economatica |
Healy & Wahlen (1999Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365 https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.3...
); Dang et al. (2018Dang, T. L., Dang, M., Le, P. D., Nguyen, H. N., Nguyen, Q. M. N., & Henry, D. (2018). Does earnings management matter for firm leverage An international analysis?. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 28(4), 482-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2018.1540938 https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2018.15...
); Nalarreason et al. (2019Nalarreason, K. M., Sutrisno, T., & Mardiati, E. (2019). Impact of leverage and firm size on earnings management in Indonesia. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(1), 19-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i1.473 http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i1.47...
) |
Market capitalization |
MCAP |
ln((share price) ×(number of shares)) |
− |
Economatica |
Challen & Siregar (2012Challen, A. E., & Siregar, S. V. (2012). Audit quality on earnings management and firm value. Finance and Banking Journal, 14(1), 30-43.); Nazir & Afza (2018Nazir, M. S., & Afza, T. A. L. A. T. (2018). Impact of corporate governance on discretionary earnings management a case of Pakistani firms. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 56(1), 157-184. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26616736 https://www.jstor.org/stable/26616736...
) |
Analysts |
ANALYST |
number of analysts who followed the company in the period |
− |
Refinitiv |
Martinez (2011Martinez, A. L. (2011). The role of analysts as gatekeepers: enhancing transparency and curbing earnings management in Brazil. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 15(4), 712-730. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552011000400009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-6555201100...
); Li et al. (2021Li, S., Ding, F., Liu, Q., Qiao, Z., & Chen, Z. (2021). Can financial analysts constrain real earnings management in emerging markets? Evidence from China. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 29(5), 1208-1226. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1871043 https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.18...
) |
Return on assets |
ROA |
(operating income)/ (total assets) |
+ |
Economatica |
Healy & Wahlen (1999Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365 https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.3...
); Chen et al. (2021Chen, Y., Cheng, CA, Li, S., & Zhao, J. (2021). The monitoring role of the media: Evidence from earnings management. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 48(3-4), 533-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12490 https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12490...
); Santana et al. (2020Santana, C. V. S., Santos, L. P. G. D., Carvalho Júnior, C. V. D. O., & Martinez, A. L. (2020). Sentimento do investidor e gerenciamento de resultados no Brasil. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 31(83), 283-301. https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201909130 https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x2019091...
) |
Fixed Assets |
FIXED |
(net fixed assets)/(total assets) |
+ |
Economatica |
Dechow et al. (1995Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting Earnings Management. Accounting Review, 70(2), 193-225., 2012Deephouse, D. L. (2000). Media reputation as a strategic resource: An integration of mass communication and resource-based theories. Journal of management, 26(6), 1091-1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600602 https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206300026006...
) |