RESUMO
Objetivos:
sintetizar os estudos que abordam os fatores associados à síndrome de burnout (SB) em policiais.
Métodos:
revisão de escopo, sem restrição temporal e de idiomas, com exportação para o EndNote, suprimindo os duplicados, e exportados para o aplicativo Rayyan, para organização, seleção dos artigos e extração dos dados.
Resultados:
foram identificadas 4559 publicações, com inclusão de 50 estudos. Houve predominância de pesquisas realizadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Alguns fatores laborais foram mais relacionados aos policiais quando comparados com outras profissões, como a aplicação da lei, frequência de interação com suspeitos e criminosos, ser cabo, insatisfação com a corporação e confrontos com civis.
Conclusões:
certos aspectos laborais contribuem para a SB, mesmo em países com melhores condições de trabalho na Segurança Pública. Recomenda-se priorizar ações de promoção da saúde para esses profissionais.
Descritores:
Segurança Pública; Esgotamento Psicológico; Policiais; Saúde Ocupacional; Enfermagem
ABSTRACT
Objectives:
to synthesize research on factors associated with Burnout Syndrome (BS) in police officers.
Methods:
a scoping review was conducted without temporal or language restrictions. Data were exported to EndNote to remove duplicates and then imported into the Rayyan app for organization, article selection, and data extraction.
Results:
a total of 4559 publications were identified, with 50 studies included in the review. Research conducted in Brazil and the United States predominated. Certain occupational factors were found to be more closely linked to police officers compared to other professions, including law enforcement, frequency of interaction with suspects and criminals, rank, dissatisfaction with the organization, and civilian confrontations.
Conclusions:
certain aspects of the police profession contribute to BS, even in countries with better working conditions in public security. It is recommended to prioritize health promotion initiatives for these professionals.
Descriptors:
Public Security; Psychological Exhaustion; Cops; Worker’s Health; Work
RESUMEN
Objetivos:
sintetizar los estudios que abordan los factores asociados al síndrome de burnout (SB) en policías.
Métodos:
revisión de alcance, sin restricción temporal y de idiomas con exportación a EndNote, eliminación de duplicados y exportación a la aplicación Rayyan para organización, selección de artículos y extracción de datos.
Resultados:
se identificaron 4559 publicaciones con inclusión de 50 estudios. Hubo predominio de investigaciones realizadas en Brasil y Estados Unidos. Algunos factores laborales estuvieron más relacionados con los policías en comparación con otras profesiones, como la aplicación de la ley, la frecuencia de interacción con sospechosos y criminales, ser cabo, insatisfacción con la corporación y enfrentamientos con civiles.
Conclusiones:
ciertos aspectos laborales contribuyen al SB, incluso en países con mejores condiciones laborales en Seguridad Pública. Se recomienda priorizar acciones de promoción de la salud para estos profesionales.
Descriptores
Seguridad Pública; Agotamiento Psicológico; Policías; Salud Ocupacional; Enfermería
INTRODUÇÃO
A síndrome de burnout (SB) é causada pelo esgotamento físico e mental, que pode resultar em comportamentos negativos(11 Carlotto MS. Fatores de risco da síndrome de burnout em técnicos de enfermagem. Rev SBPH [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Jun 30];14(2);7-26. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-08582011000200003&lng=pt&nrm=iso
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
). A primeira dimensão da SB é a exaustão emocional, marcada pela ausência de energia, entusiasmo e sentimento de esgotamento de soluções. É possível surgir um sentimento de frustração, sendo que os trabalhadores podem se sentir esgotados para o atendimento ao cliente, percebendo que sua atuação não é tão competente como antes(11 Carlotto MS. Fatores de risco da síndrome de burnout em técnicos de enfermagem. Rev SBPH [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Jun 30];14(2);7-26. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-08582011000200003&lng=pt&nrm=iso
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
).
A segunda dimensão é a despersonalização, situação em que o profissional trata as pessoas e a organização como objetos, podendo desenvolver insensibilidade emocional. A terceira dimensão é a baixa realização profissional, caracterizada como uma tendência do trabalhador autoavaliar-se de forma negativa, sentindo-se infeliz consigo mesmo e insatisfeito com sua atuação profissional, ocorrendo um declínio do sentimento de competência e êxito e, também, uma diminuição da capacidade de interagir com os outros(11 Carlotto MS. Fatores de risco da síndrome de burnout em técnicos de enfermagem. Rev SBPH [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Jun 30];14(2);7-26. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-08582011000200003&lng=pt&nrm=iso
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
). Investigar a SB permite a execução do conceito de integralidade das ações de Saúde do Trabalhador.
No cotidiano de trabalho, é muito comum a exposição simultânea aos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da SB. Como ela afeta a saúde do trabalhador, pode ser concedido afastamento, porém o adoecimento associado deve ser incluído como diagnóstico secundário. O reconhecimento da SB no ambiente laboral deve ser feito a partir da Comunicação de Acidente de Trabalho (CAT). Tal síndrome passou a ser enquadrada, no ano de 2022, na Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID 11) como QD85, no capítulo intitulado Problemas Associados ao Emprego e Desemprego; estando fora do capítulo referente aos transtornos mentais, comportamentais ou do neurodesenvolvimento presente na CID 10(22 Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Organização Mundial de Saúde inclui a síndrome de burnout na Classificação Internacional de Doença [Internet]. 2019[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.abmt.org.br/noticias/sindrome-de-burnout-e-reconhecida-como-doenca-ocupacional-pela-oms/
https://www.abmt.org.br/noticias/sindrom...
).
O trabalho dos policiais é frequentemente arriscado e insalubre. Na sua atuação profissional, há fatores inerentes ao desenvolvimento da SB. Na maioria das vezes, eles não podem manifestar sentimentos como prazer, inquietude e medo, com o risco de serem vistos como fracos e covardes. Os recém-formados são submetidos a uma avaliação pelo grupo de superiores, sendo que essa situação pode ser fonte de ansiedade, pressão e sofrimento(33 Souza AP. O policial que mata: um estudo sobre a letalidade praticada por policiais militares do Estado de São Paulo[Tese]. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia. 2020. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.47.2020.tde-21082020-144036
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.47.2020.tde-2...
), podendo trazer agravos à sua saúde mental.
A polícia assegura o cumprimento da lei, por meio da preservação da ordem pública, preza pela satisfação das necessidades de segurança da comunidade e auxilia-a de modo preventivo(44 Klemps F. Policial militar X agente de autoridade de trânsito. BJD. 2021;7(3). https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n3-399
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n3-399...
). Como um mecanismo de defesa, alguns policiais criam uma postura rígida não só na instituição na qual atuam, como nas relações sociais(33 Souza AP. O policial que mata: um estudo sobre a letalidade praticada por policiais militares do Estado de São Paulo[Tese]. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia. 2020. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.47.2020.tde-21082020-144036
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.47.2020.tde-2...
). No entanto, esse trabalho exige que esse profissional tenha resiliência e boa capacidade de adaptação para lidar e superar os possíveis efeitos decorrentes do seu cotidiano, mas nem sempre isso ocorre com todos os policiais(55 Ribeiro BMSS, Scorsolini-comin F, Terra FS, Dalri RCMB. Síndrome de burnout em policiais militares à luz do referencial interpretativo. Rev Recien. 2023;13(41):532-9. https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13.41.532-539
https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13....
).
Os policiais estão expostos às situações de perigo em sua rotina, quando sua própria vida é colocada em risco, e essa tensão também se estende aos momentos de folga. Estudos realizados com policiais brasileiros demonstraram estresse e falta de reconhecimento pelo esforço realizado(66 Machado CE, Traesel ES, Merlo ÁRC. Profissionais da Brigada Militar: vivências do cotidiano e subjetividade. Psicol Arg[Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 30];33(81). Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-797240
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
-77 Mota BC, Campos BL, Souza EL, Peixoto RF, Braga V. Violência e mortes de policiais. J Eletron Fac Vianna Jr. 2019;11(1);14-14.), sentimento de frustração, inutilidade e improdutividade, condições de trabalho inadequadas, representadas pela falta de equipamentos, escassez de instalações físicas e de recursos humanos insuficientes(88 Renca PRG. Contextos e condicionantes da atividade operacional dos militares da Guarda Nacional Republicana [Tese]. Academia Militar. 2017.), influenciando o desgaste da saúde física e psíquica desses profissionais(99 Bengochea JLP, Guimarães LB, Gomes ML, Abreu SR. A transição de uma polícia de controle para uma polícia cidadã. São Paulo Perspect. 2016;18(1):119-31. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-88392004000100015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8839200400...
).
Frente ao exposto até então, observou-se a necessidade de pesquisar a SB no trabalho na área da Segurança Pública, em especial nos policiais, pois é uma profissão marcada por riscos iminentes e estresse, enfatizando os fatores relacionados às causas e sintomas que podem levá-los à SB. Este estudo pode contribuir para a saúde e segurança desses trabalhadores, refletindo em melhores condições de segurança para a população, bem como na melhoria da qualidade de vida no trabalho desses profissionais. Espera-se também que a presente revisão possa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas e ações de promoção de saúde voltadas a esse público.
A pergunta de pesquisa que norteou este estudo foi: quais as evidências científicas que abordam policiais acometidos pela SB?
OBJETIVOS
Sintetizar os estudos que abordam os fatores associados à síndrome de burnout (SB) em policiais
MÉTODOS
Desenho e período do estudo
Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, cujo objetivo é mapear as principais definições e evidências científicas disponíveis sobre uma determinada área/tema(1010 Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-01
https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-01...
). As buscas foram realizadas em dezembro de 2022.
Critérios de inclusão
Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: estudos escritos em qualquer idioma, sem restrição temporal e que respondessem à pergunta de pesquisa. Incluíram-se estudos com diferentes níveis de evidência, permitindo conhecer de modo mais aproximado o estado da arte a respeito de uma dada questão(1111 Damasceno VC, Sousa FS. Mental health care for the elderly: the nurse’s perception. Rev Enferm UFPE [Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];12(10):2710-6. Available from: https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/index.php/revistaenfermagem/article/download/234647/30233/123199
https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/inde...
). Com o propósito de garantir a integridade deste estudo e seu rigor metodológico, seguiu-se os cinco critérios preconizados no protocolo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI): estabelecimento da questão de pesquisa, identificação de estudos, seleção e inclusão de estudos e organização dos estudos selecionados e, por fim, a interpretação, a análise e a compilação dos resultados(1010 Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-01
https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-01...
).
Protocolo do estudo
Foi verificada a existência de revisões de escopo de pesquisa semelhantes nas plataformas: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO)(1212 Page MJ, Shamseer L, Tricco AC. Registration of systematic reviews in PROSPERO: 30,000 records and counting. Systemc Rev. 2018;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0699-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0699-...
), Open Science Framework (OSF)(1313 Open Science Framework (OSF). OSF Home [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://osf.io/
https://osf.io/...
), The Cochrane Library(1414 Cochrane Int. The Cochrane Library [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/...
), JBI Clinical Online Network of Evidence for Care and Therapeutics (COnNECT+)(1515 JBI Clinical Online Network of Evidence for Care and Therapeutics (ConNECT+) [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://connectplus.jbi.global/
https://connectplus.jbi.global/...
), e Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)(1616 University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/CRDWeb/
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/CRDWeb/...
). Os resultados evidenciaram a inexistência de revisões com objetivo e conteúdos similares ao deste estudo.
Utilizou-se a estratégia PCC (acrônimo de P: População = Policiais, C: Conceito = Síndrome de Burnout, C: Qualquer contexto = Policiais acometidos pela Síndrome de Burnout), para a elaboração da questão norteadora do estudo, ou seja, quais as evidências científicas que abordam sobre policiais acometidos pela SB?
Para gerenciamento dos registros foi utilizado o software Rayyan, indicado para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises(1717 Santana TF, Pereira MA. Mental health care in primary care: a cartography. Rev Enferm UERJ[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];26:e32305. https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2018.32305
https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2018.323...
).
As buscas foram realizadas nas bases/bibliotecas Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis e Google Scholar, sem restrição temporal e de idiomas; foram excluídos os artigos duplicados mediante o uso de software Endnote (Clarivate Analytics®).
Os descritores utilizados e as estratégias de busca foram: “Police”, “Burnout, Professional”, “Burnout, Psychological” e “Occupational Stress” combinados nas bases com Police, polices, Police Force, Law Enforcement Officers, Law Enforcement Officer, Police Officers, Police Officer, policing, Police Personnel, Professional Burnout, Occupational Burnout, Career Burnout, Occupational Stress, Psychological Burnout, Burn-out Syndrome, Burnout, burnouts, Burnout Syndrome, Burn-out, Psychological Burn-out, Occupational Stress, Occupational Stresses, Job Stress, Job Stresses, Work Stress, Work-related Stress, Work related Stress, Work-related Stresses, Workplace Stress, Workplace Stresses, Work Place Stress, Work Place Stresses, Professional Stress, Professional Stresses, Job-related Stress, Job-related Stresses, Workplace Bullying, Workplace Abuse, Workplace Abuses.
Esses descritores foram encontrados nos vocabulários controlados Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e Emtree. Além disso, foram pesquisados sinônimos e termos alternativos. Combinou-se o conjunto de termos relacionados à força policial utilizando-se o operador booleano AND e OR. A estratégia descrita anteriormente foi utilizada nas bases de dados de acordo com as particularidades de cada uma delas. Para a base de dados LILACS foram acrescentados os termos equivalentes em português e espanhol. As estratégias completas estão disponíveis no Open Science Framework (OSF)(1313 Open Science Framework (OSF). OSF Home [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://osf.io/
https://osf.io/...
), no link: https://osf.io/g3w9t/.
A busca dos registros nas fontes de dados foi efetuada no Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) por meio de acesso remoto ao conteúdo da Comunidade Acadêmica Federada (CAFe), recurso financiado pela Universidade de São Paulo (USP).
Análise dos resultados
A seleção dos estudos foi realizada por dois juízes independentes, em duas fases. A primeira correspondeu ao mapeamento dos títulos e dos resumos de estudos potencialmente relevantes, bem como à observação dos materiais selecionados que aparentemente cumpriam os critérios de inclusão, baseados em seus resumos. Já na segunda etapa, ocorreu a leitura de todos os artigos selecionados, de forma independente, sendo excluídos os que se distanciavam do objetivo da revisão e/ou que não permitiam responder à questão de pesquisa. As possíveis discordâncias foram solucionadas por um terceiro juiz. Posteriormente, para organização e extração dos dados, foi utilizado o software Rayyan.
Na apresentação dos resultados na sequência, há um fluxograma que demonstra a totalidade das buscas e o percurso de seleção e composição do corpus final(1818 Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372(71). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71...
). Para a síntese e melhor demonstração dos resultados, utilizou-se uma estrutura descritiva para examinar o texto de cada estudo. Na etapa final, realizaram-se a compilação e a comunicação dos resultados. A presente revisão foi registrada na OSF(1313 Open Science Framework (OSF). OSF Home [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://osf.io/
https://osf.io/...
) em https://osf.io/g3w9t/, doi 10.17605/OSF.IO/G3W9T.
RESULTADOS
Foram identificadas inicialmente 4559 publicações científicas nas bases de dados pesquisadas, sendo 419 na Medline/PubMed, 552 na Embase, 1012 na Scopus, 984 na Web of Science, 46 na Lilacs, 1028 na PsycINFO, 418 na ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis e 100 no Google Scholar. Foram excluídas 1589 e após a remoção das duplicadas, restaram 2970 selecionadas por título e resumo. Destas, 2382 não atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, resultando em 588 artigos para a leitura e análise completa. A partir da leitura dos artigos disponíveis, permaneceram 50 no corpus final do estudo, conforme fluxograma PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) apresentado na Figura 1.
Em relação aos idiomas de publicação encontrados, 44 estudos foram publicados em inglês, cinco em português e um em croata. No que diz respeito ao ano de publicação, a distribuição identificada foi: 1983 (n=1)(1919 Lain DR. Burnout in the police force: the effects of occupational stress on marital relationships [Thesis]. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1983.), 1999 (n=1)(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
), 2002 (n=1)(2121 Espinosa JRB, Esteban BL, Izquierdo MG, Navarro MCS Ortuño MS. Relation between the quality sleep, burnout and psychological well-being in policemen. Mapfre Medicina [Internet]. 2002[cited 2023 Jan 30];13:258-67. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212092_Relation_between_the_quality_sleep_burnout_and_psychological_well-being_in_policemen
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
), 2004 (n=1)(2222 Oginika-Bulik N, Juczyński Z. Job stressors and personality traits as predictors of burnout syndrome in police officers. Int J Psychol. [Internet]. 2004[cited 2023 Jan 30] [cited 2023 Jan 30];39(5-6):339-9. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295596373_Job_stressors_and_personality_traits_as_predictors_of_burnout_syndrome_in_police_officers
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
), 2006 (n=1)(2323 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli border police. Int J Stress Manag. 2006;13(4):519-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.519
https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.5...
), 2007 (n=2)(2424 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
-2525 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
), 2010 (n=1)(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), 2011 (n=3)(2727 McCarty W, Schuck A, Skogan W, Rossenbaum D. Police stress, burnout, and health [Internet]. National Institute of Justice. 2011[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242957.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants...
28 Ari Samet.The Relationship between the burnout and organizational commitment levels of the police officers’: a research on İstanbul Police Headquarters. [Tese]. Marmara Universitesi; 2011.-2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
), 2012 (n=1)(3030 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.73...
), 2013 (n=1)(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
), 2014 (n=1)(3232 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0...
), 2015 (n=3)(3333 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
34 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565...
-3535 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
), 2016 (n=4)(3636 Stoyanova RG, Harizanova SN. Assessment of the Personal Losses Suffered by Correctional Officers due to Burnout Syndrome. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2016;7(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.680
https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.68...
37 Ascari RA, Dumke M, Dacol PM, Junior SM, Sá CAL. Prevalência de risco para síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21(2). https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610
https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610...
38 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
-3939 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), 2017 (n=4)(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
41 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750...
42 Aguayo R, Vargas C, Cañadas GR, Fuente EI. Are Socio-Demographic Factors Associated to Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers? a correlational meta-analysis. An Psicol. 2017;33(2);383-92. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.260391
https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.26...
-4343 Kumar V, Kamalanabhan TJ. Moderating role of work support in stressor-burnout relationship: An empirical investigation among police personnel in India. Psychol Stud. 2017;62:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-...
), 2018 (n=6)(4444 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_a...
45 Silva CCS, Santos GMD, Amorim MDS, Costa MDMH, Medeiros SMD. A síndrome de burnout entre policiais civis. Reme: Rev Min Enferm[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];22. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-905273
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
46 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
47 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
48 Wickramasinghe ND, Wijesinghe PR. Burnout subtypes and associated factors among police officers in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:192-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.0...
-4949 Kwak H, McNeeley S, Kim SH. Emotional labor, role characteristics, and police officer burnout in South Korea: the mediating effect of emotional dissonance. Police Quart. 2018;21(2):223-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230...
), 2019 (n=5)(5050 Lambert EG, Qureshi H, Keena LD, Frank J, Hogan NL. Exploring the link between work-family conflict and job burnout among Indian police officers. Police J. 2019; 92(1):35-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285...
51 Basinska BA, Dåderman AM. Work values of police officers and their relationship with job burnout and work engagement. Front Psychol. 2019;10:442. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.00442
https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.004...
52 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
53 Xavier P. Gender Differences in Police Stress, Coping, and Burnout in India. Int J Rec Technol Engineering. 2019;8(2S4):673. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.0782S419
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.078...
-5454 Wray Candic A, Jarrett SB. The relationship between burnout and suicidal ideations among Jamaican police officers. Int J Police Sci Manag. 2019;21(3);181-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026...
), 2020 (n=6)(5555 García-Rivera BR, Olguín-Tiznado JE, Aranibar MF, Ramírez-Barón MC, Camargo-Wilson C, López-Barreras JA, et al. Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;3;17(15):5586. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586...
56 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.
57 McCanlies EC, Leppma M, Mnatsakanova A, Allison P, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, et al. Associations of burnout with awakening and diurnal cortisol among police officers. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2020;4:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100...
58 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
59 Santa Maria A, Wolter C, Gusy B, Kleiber D, Renneberg B. Reducing work-related burnout among police officers: the impact of job rewards and health-oriented leadership. Police J. 2020:94(3):406-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805...
-6060 Zeng X, Zhang X, Chen M, Liu J, Wu C. The influence of perceived organizational support on police job burnout: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2020;11:948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948...
), 2021 (n=2)(6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
-6262 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
) e 2022 (n=6)(6363 Civilotti C, Acquadro Maran D, Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Hopelessness in police officers and its association with depression and burnout: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169...
64 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
65 Gutierrez SCH, Quintanilla GDZ, Montoya GBL, Albar-Marin MJ. Burnout Syndrome during COVID-19 in police officers of the Amazonas Police Region, Peru. Rev Univ Del Zulia. 2022;277-90. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18
https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18...
66 Sorengaard TA, Langvik E. The protective effect of fair and supportive leadership against burnout in police employees. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(4):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.0...
67 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
-6868 Gomes GP, Ribeiro N, Gomes DR. The impact of burnout on police officers’ performance and turnover intention: the moderating role of compassion satisfaction. Admin Sci. 2022;12(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092...
).
Quanto aos 25 países de desenvolvimento dos estudos, a distribuição foi a seguinte: Brasil (n=6)(3737 Ascari RA, Dumke M, Dacol PM, Junior SM, Sá CAL. Prevalência de risco para síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21(2). https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610
https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610...
,4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
,4444 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_a...
45 Silva CCS, Santos GMD, Amorim MDS, Costa MDMH, Medeiros SMD. A síndrome de burnout entre policiais civis. Reme: Rev Min Enferm[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];22. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-905273
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
-4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
,6262 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
), Estados Unidos (n=5)(2828 Ari Samet.The Relationship between the burnout and organizational commitment levels of the police officers’: a research on İstanbul Police Headquarters. [Tese]. Marmara Universitesi; 2011.-2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
,4949 Kwak H, McNeeley S, Kim SH. Emotional labor, role characteristics, and police officer burnout in South Korea: the mediating effect of emotional dissonance. Police Quart. 2018;21(2):223-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230...
,5252 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
,5757 McCanlies EC, Leppma M, Mnatsakanova A, Allison P, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, et al. Associations of burnout with awakening and diurnal cortisol among police officers. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2020;4:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100...
), Índia (n=4)(4343 Kumar V, Kamalanabhan TJ. Moderating role of work support in stressor-burnout relationship: An empirical investigation among police personnel in India. Psychol Stud. 2017;62:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-...
,5050 Lambert EG, Qureshi H, Keena LD, Frank J, Hogan NL. Exploring the link between work-family conflict and job burnout among Indian police officers. Police J. 2019; 92(1):35-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285...
,5353 Xavier P. Gender Differences in Police Stress, Coping, and Burnout in India. Int J Rec Technol Engineering. 2019;8(2S4):673. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.0782S419
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.078...
,6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
), Israel (n=3)(2323 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli border police. Int J Stress Manag. 2006;13(4):519-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.519
https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.5...
24 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
-2525 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
), China (n=3)(4141 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750...
,6060 Zeng X, Zhang X, Chen M, Liu J, Wu C. The influence of perceived organizational support on police job burnout: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2020;11:948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948...
,6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), Portugal (n=3)(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
,5858 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
,6868 Gomes GP, Ribeiro N, Gomes DR. The impact of burnout on police officers’ performance and turnover intention: the moderating role of compassion satisfaction. Admin Sci. 2022;12(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092...
), México (n=2)(5555 García-Rivera BR, Olguín-Tiznado JE, Aranibar MF, Ramírez-Barón MC, Camargo-Wilson C, López-Barreras JA, et al. Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;3;17(15):5586. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586...
,6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
), Espanha (n=2)(2121 Espinosa JRB, Esteban BL, Izquierdo MG, Navarro MCS Ortuño MS. Relation between the quality sleep, burnout and psychological well-being in policemen. Mapfre Medicina [Internet]. 2002[cited 2023 Jan 30];13:258-67. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212092_Relation_between_the_quality_sleep_burnout_and_psychological_well-being_in_policemen
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
,4242 Aguayo R, Vargas C, Cañadas GR, Fuente EI. Are Socio-Demographic Factors Associated to Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers? a correlational meta-analysis. An Psicol. 2017;33(2);383-92. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.260391
https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.26...
), Alemanha (n=2)(3838 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
,5959 Santa Maria A, Wolter C, Gusy B, Kleiber D, Renneberg B. Reducing work-related burnout among police officers: the impact of job rewards and health-oriented leadership. Police J. 2020:94(3):406-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805...
), Suécia (n=2)(3030 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.73...
,3939 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), Turquia (n=2)(2828 Ari Samet.The Relationship between the burnout and organizational commitment levels of the police officers’: a research on İstanbul Police Headquarters. [Tese]. Marmara Universitesi; 2011.,3434 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565...
), Polônia (n=3)(2222 Oginika-Bulik N, Juczyński Z. Job stressors and personality traits as predictors of burnout syndrome in police officers. Int J Psychol. [Internet]. 2004[cited 2023 Jan 30] [cited 2023 Jan 30];39(5-6):339-9. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295596373_Job_stressors_and_personality_traits_as_predictors_of_burnout_syndrome_in_police_officers
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
,3232 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0...
-3333 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
), Noruega (n=1)(6666 Sorengaard TA, Langvik E. The protective effect of fair and supportive leadership against burnout in police employees. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(4):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.0...
), Holanda (n=1)(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
), Finlândia (n=1)(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
), Nigéria (n=1)(3535 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
), Jamaica (n=1)(5454 Wray Candic A, Jarrett SB. The relationship between burnout and suicidal ideations among Jamaican police officers. Int J Police Sci Manag. 2019;21(3);181-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026...
), Croácia (n=1)(5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.), Bulgária (n=1)(3636 Stoyanova RG, Harizanova SN. Assessment of the Personal Losses Suffered by Correctional Officers due to Burnout Syndrome. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2016;7(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.680
https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.68...
), Coréia do Sul (n=1)(4949 Kwak H, McNeeley S, Kim SH. Emotional labor, role characteristics, and police officer burnout in South Korea: the mediating effect of emotional dissonance. Police Quart. 2018;21(2):223-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230...
), Sri Lanka (n=1)(4848 Wickramasinghe ND, Wijesinghe PR. Burnout subtypes and associated factors among police officers in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:192-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.0...
), Suíça (n=1)(5151 Basinska BA, Dåderman AM. Work values of police officers and their relationship with job burnout and work engagement. Front Psychol. 2019;10:442. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.00442
https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.004...
), Itália (n=1)(6363 Civilotti C, Acquadro Maran D, Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Hopelessness in police officers and its association with depression and burnout: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169...
), Peru (n=1)(6565 Gutierrez SCH, Quintanilla GDZ, Montoya GBL, Albar-Marin MJ. Burnout Syndrome during COVID-19 in police officers of the Amazonas Police Region, Peru. Rev Univ Del Zulia. 2022;277-90. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18
https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18...
) e Canadá (n=1)(1919 Lain DR. Burnout in the police force: the effects of occupational stress on marital relationships [Thesis]. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1983.). Ressalta-se que incluiu-se uma dissertação realizada em Portugal e duas teses de doutorado, uma realizada no Canadá e outra na Turquia, devido ao fato de não haver publicação proveniente destes estudos em periódicos nas fontes pesquisadas e por se tratar de uma revisão de escopo na qual é permitido.
De modo geral, os estudos apontaram que existe escassez de produção de conhecimento na temática em questão, haja vista que, por não ter limitado o tempo, a quantidade incluída foi pequena, considerando-se os 50 estudos oriundos dos 25 países encontrados ao longo de 40 anos. Ressalta-se que a busca foi ampla em diversas bases de dados, portanto tampouco se observou a diminuição da SB com o passar dos anos e o pouco planejamento de estratégias preventivas voltadas à saúde mental deste público. Identificaram-se dois artigos idênticos publicados em diferentes periódicos, sendo a autoria dos mesmos autores, denotando-se a falta de princípios éticos em pesquisa.
A partir da leitura dos artigos incluídos nesta revisão, identificou-se fatores visando responder ao objetivo desta revisão e promover contribuições para as áreas da Saúde do Trabalhador, Saúde Pública e Saúde Mental; sendo: idade(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
,3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
), gênero(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
,3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
,4848 Wickramasinghe ND, Wijesinghe PR. Burnout subtypes and associated factors among police officers in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:192-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.0...
,5353 Xavier P. Gender Differences in Police Stress, Coping, and Burnout in India. Int J Rec Technol Engineering. 2019;8(2S4):673. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.0782S419
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.078...
,5555 García-Rivera BR, Olguín-Tiznado JE, Aranibar MF, Ramírez-Barón MC, Camargo-Wilson C, López-Barreras JA, et al. Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;3;17(15):5586. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586...
,6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), quantidade de filhos(4444 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_a...
), escolaridade(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
,3535 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
), possuir ensino médio completo(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
), estado civil(1919 Lain DR. Burnout in the police force: the effects of occupational stress on marital relationships [Thesis]. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1983.,3535 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
,6565 Gutierrez SCH, Quintanilla GDZ, Montoya GBL, Albar-Marin MJ. Burnout Syndrome during COVID-19 in police officers of the Amazonas Police Region, Peru. Rev Univ Del Zulia. 2022;277-90. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18
https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18...
), estresse pós-traumático(2424 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
-2525 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
), desesperança(4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
,6262 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
), sentimentos de fadiga(3232 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0...
), emoções negativas de baixa excitação, agressividade(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
,6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
), raiva(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
), exaustão emocional(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
,4747 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
), insônia(6666 Sorengaard TA, Langvik E. The protective effect of fair and supportive leadership against burnout in police employees. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(4):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.0...
), insegurança(6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
), variedade e intensidade das emoções(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
), depressão(6262 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
), ideação suicida(5454 Wray Candic A, Jarrett SB. The relationship between burnout and suicidal ideations among Jamaican police officers. Int J Police Sci Manag. 2019;21(3);181-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026...
,6363 Civilotti C, Acquadro Maran D, Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Hopelessness in police officers and its association with depression and burnout: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169...
), estresse geral(1919 Lain DR. Burnout in the police force: the effects of occupational stress on marital relationships [Thesis]. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1983.,2525 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
,3030 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.73...
,3939 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
,5858 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
), mal-estar psicológico(2121 Espinosa JRB, Esteban BL, Izquierdo MG, Navarro MCS Ortuño MS. Relation between the quality sleep, burnout and psychological well-being in policemen. Mapfre Medicina [Internet]. 2002[cited 2023 Jan 30];13:258-67. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212092_Relation_between_the_quality_sleep_burnout_and_psychological_well-being_in_policemen
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
,2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), cinismo(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
,4747 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
), desconfiança geral(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), prática regular de exercício físico(4444 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_a...
), tipo de personalidade(2222 Oginika-Bulik N, Juczyński Z. Job stressors and personality traits as predictors of burnout syndrome in police officers. Int J Psychol. [Internet]. 2004[cited 2023 Jan 30] [cited 2023 Jan 30];39(5-6):339-9. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295596373_Job_stressors_and_personality_traits_as_predictors_of_burnout_syndrome_in_police_officers
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
23 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli border police. Int J Stress Manag. 2006;13(4):519-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.519
https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.5...
24 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
25 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
26 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
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27 McCarty W, Schuck A, Skogan W, Rossenbaum D. Police stress, burnout, and health [Internet]. National Institute of Justice. 2011[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242957.pdf
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28 Ari Samet.The Relationship between the burnout and organizational commitment levels of the police officers’: a research on İstanbul Police Headquarters. [Tese]. Marmara Universitesi; 2011.
29 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
30 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.73...
31 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
32 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0...
33 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
34 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
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35 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
36 Stoyanova RG, Harizanova SN. Assessment of the Personal Losses Suffered by Correctional Officers due to Burnout Syndrome. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2016;7(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.680
https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.68...
37 Ascari RA, Dumke M, Dacol PM, Junior SM, Sá CAL. Prevalência de risco para síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21(2). https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610
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38 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
39 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
40 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
41 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750...
-4242 Aguayo R, Vargas C, Cañadas GR, Fuente EI. Are Socio-Demographic Factors Associated to Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers? a correlational meta-analysis. An Psicol. 2017;33(2);383-92. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.260391
https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.26...
), baixo nível de sociabilidade(55 Ribeiro BMSS, Scorsolini-comin F, Terra FS, Dalri RCMB. Síndrome de burnout em policiais militares à luz do referencial interpretativo. Rev Recien. 2023;13(41):532-9. https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13.41.532-539
https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13....
), baixa resiliência(5858 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
),supercomprometimento(4747 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
), necessidade de aprovação(4747 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
), sonolência diurna(5252 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
),pressão entre trabalho e família, trabalho-casa(6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
), falta de apoio social(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
,3333 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
,3939 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
) e organizacional(3333 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
,5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.,6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), necessidade de expressar emoções positivas como parte do trabalho policial(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
), agressão física(6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
), uso da força(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
), tensões organizacionais(3434 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565...
), pouco comprometimento organizacional(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
,6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
), trabalhar em agências menores(2727 McCarty W, Schuck A, Skogan W, Rossenbaum D. Police stress, burnout, and health [Internet]. National Institute of Justice. 2011[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242957.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants...
) e estressores organizacionais(2727 McCarty W, Schuck A, Skogan W, Rossenbaum D. Police stress, burnout, and health [Internet]. National Institute of Justice. 2011[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242957.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants...
).
Outros fatores também identificados foram atuar no serviço externo(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
), punição disciplinar(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
), carga de trabalho(6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), contato direto com supervisores(6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), horários de turno (irregulares, rotativos, fixos)(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
,5252 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
), características do turno (noite, duração, frequência, horário de trabalho)(5252 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
), aumento de turnos noturnos(5252 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
), exposição à mídia(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
,6868 Gomes GP, Ribeiro N, Gomes DR. The impact of burnout on police officers’ performance and turnover intention: the moderating role of compassion satisfaction. Admin Sci. 2022;12(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092...
), dependência de colegas de trabalho(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
,6868 Gomes GP, Ribeiro N, Gomes DR. The impact of burnout on police officers’ performance and turnover intention: the moderating role of compassion satisfaction. Admin Sci. 2022;12(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092...
), intenções de rotatividade(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
,6868 Gomes GP, Ribeiro N, Gomes DR. The impact of burnout on police officers’ performance and turnover intention: the moderating role of compassion satisfaction. Admin Sci. 2022;12(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092...
), diminuição dos recursos de trabalho(4141 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750...
), falta de apoio organizacional(3333 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
,5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.,6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), anos de serviço(6565 Gutierrez SCH, Quintanilla GDZ, Montoya GBL, Albar-Marin MJ. Burnout Syndrome during COVID-19 in police officers of the Amazonas Police Region, Peru. Rev Univ Del Zulia. 2022;277-90. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18
https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18...
), transferências de local de trabalho sem consentimento ou aviso prévio(55 Ribeiro BMSS, Scorsolini-comin F, Terra FS, Dalri RCMB. Síndrome de burnout em policiais militares à luz do referencial interpretativo. Rev Recien. 2023;13(41):532-9. https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13.41.532-539
https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13....
), gestão de conflitos(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
), confrontos com civis(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
), experiência de trabalho(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
), recursos reduzidos de trabalho(4747 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
,5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.), estressores organizacionais(2424 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
,4747 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
,5858 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
), baixos salários(2424 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
), falta de recursos e sobrecarga de trabalho(2424 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
), risco de vitimização(3838 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
), alto esforço de trabalho(5959 Santa Maria A, Wolter C, Gusy B, Kleiber D, Renneberg B. Reducing work-related burnout among police officers: the impact of job rewards and health-oriented leadership. Police J. 2020:94(3):406-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805...
), estabilidade no trabalho(3535 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
), aumento de demandas de trabalho(4141 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750...
) e desgaste do trabalho policial(6060 Zeng X, Zhang X, Chen M, Liu J, Wu C. The influence of perceived organizational support on police job burnout: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2020;11:948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948...
).
Alguns fatores laborais, como aplicação da lei(3434 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565...
), frequência de interação com suspeitos e criminosos(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
), ser cabo(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
), insatisfação com a corporação(55 Ribeiro BMSS, Scorsolini-comin F, Terra FS, Dalri RCMB. Síndrome de burnout em policiais militares à luz do referencial interpretativo. Rev Recien. 2023;13(41):532-9. https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13.41.532-539
https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13....
) e confrontos com civis(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
) ,que podem levar à SB, têm características relacionadas mais com os policiais se comparados com outras profissões.
Ressalta-se que quando a SB já está instalada evidencia-se fatores como perda da empatia(6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
), comportamento de evitação(3232 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0...
), comportamento de autoproteção(3838 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
), diminuição da secreção de cortisol(5757 McCanlies EC, Leppma M, Mnatsakanova A, Allison P, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, et al. Associations of burnout with awakening and diurnal cortisol among police officers. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2020;4:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100...
), atitude favorável em relação à violência(3838 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
), baixa qualidade do sono(2121 Espinosa JRB, Esteban BL, Izquierdo MG, Navarro MCS Ortuño MS. Relation between the quality sleep, burnout and psychological well-being in policemen. Mapfre Medicina [Internet]. 2002[cited 2023 Jan 30];13:258-67. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212092_Relation_between_the_quality_sleep_burnout_and_psychological_well-being_in_policemen
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
22 Oginika-Bulik N, Juczyński Z. Job stressors and personality traits as predictors of burnout syndrome in police officers. Int J Psychol. [Internet]. 2004[cited 2023 Jan 30] [cited 2023 Jan 30];39(5-6):339-9. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295596373_Job_stressors_and_personality_traits_as_predictors_of_burnout_syndrome_in_police_officers
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
23 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli border police. Int J Stress Manag. 2006;13(4):519-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.519
https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.5...
24 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
25 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
26 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
27 McCarty W, Schuck A, Skogan W, Rossenbaum D. Police stress, burnout, and health [Internet]. National Institute of Justice. 2011[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242957.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants...
28 Ari Samet.The Relationship between the burnout and organizational commitment levels of the police officers’: a research on İstanbul Police Headquarters. [Tese]. Marmara Universitesi; 2011.
29 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
30 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.73...
31 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
32 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0...
33 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
34 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565...
35 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
36 Stoyanova RG, Harizanova SN. Assessment of the Personal Losses Suffered by Correctional Officers due to Burnout Syndrome. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2016;7(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.680
https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.68...
37 Ascari RA, Dumke M, Dacol PM, Junior SM, Sá CAL. Prevalência de risco para síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21(2). https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610
https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610...
38 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
39 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
40 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
41 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750...
42 Aguayo R, Vargas C, Cañadas GR, Fuente EI. Are Socio-Demographic Factors Associated to Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers? a correlational meta-analysis. An Psicol. 2017;33(2);383-92. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.260391
https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.26...
43 Kumar V, Kamalanabhan TJ. Moderating role of work support in stressor-burnout relationship: An empirical investigation among police personnel in India. Psychol Stud. 2017;62:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-...
44 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_a...
45 Silva CCS, Santos GMD, Amorim MDS, Costa MDMH, Medeiros SMD. A síndrome de burnout entre policiais civis. Reme: Rev Min Enferm[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];22. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-905273
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
-4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
), elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade(4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
), envelhecimento funcional(4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
), autopercepção ruim do estado de saúde(6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
), má percepção da qualidade da dieta(6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
), refeições irregulares(6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
), índice de massa corporal elevado(6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
), entre outros.
DISCUSSÃO
A partir desta revisão de escopo, foi possível identificar fatores que levam à SB em policiais, visto que essa profissão possui riscos específicos que favorecem o surgimento dessa síndrome. Permitiu-se identificar ainda a carência de estudos que abordam esse tema. A maior parte dos estudos foi publicada em 2020 e 2022, sendo o Brasil e os Estados Unidos os países com maior número de publicações nessa temática. Identificou-se a presença da SB em policiais e os fatores que podem contribuir para sua ocorrência, disponibilizados a seguir.
Historicamente, a Polícia tinha como função proteger os bens e interesses de uma minoria, em detrimento dos menos favorecidos, com ações marcadas por repressões, estigmas e preconceitos. Alguns acreditavam que a polícia era “desumana” e “sem coração”(99 Bengochea JLP, Guimarães LB, Gomes ML, Abreu SR. A transição de uma polícia de controle para uma polícia cidadã. São Paulo Perspect. 2016;18(1):119-31. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-88392004000100015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8839200400...
).
É sabido que a frequência da SB nessa categoria profissional é alta, porém autores destacaram que fatores individuais de personalidade podem explicar seu desenvolvimento(2222 Oginika-Bulik N, Juczyński Z. Job stressors and personality traits as predictors of burnout syndrome in police officers. Int J Psychol. [Internet]. 2004[cited 2023 Jan 30] [cited 2023 Jan 30];39(5-6):339-9. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295596373_Job_stressors_and_personality_traits_as_predictors_of_burnout_syndrome_in_police_officers
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
,4242 Aguayo R, Vargas C, Cañadas GR, Fuente EI. Are Socio-Demographic Factors Associated to Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers? a correlational meta-analysis. An Psicol. 2017;33(2);383-92. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.260391
https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.26...
). A atividade dos policiais enquadrou-se em riscos principalmente de ordem física e mental e apresentou alto índice comprovado de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Aliás, dentre as profissões que regem a Segurança Pública, a do policial apresentou maiores taxas de SB, baixa qualidade do sono(2121 Espinosa JRB, Esteban BL, Izquierdo MG, Navarro MCS Ortuño MS. Relation between the quality sleep, burnout and psychological well-being in policemen. Mapfre Medicina [Internet]. 2002[cited 2023 Jan 30];13:258-67. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212092_Relation_between_the_quality_sleep_burnout_and_psychological_well-being_in_policemen
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
,4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
), elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade e de envelhecimento funcional(4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
). Os sinais e sintomas da SB podem estar associados à diminuição da secreção de cortisol(5757 McCanlies EC, Leppma M, Mnatsakanova A, Allison P, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, et al. Associations of burnout with awakening and diurnal cortisol among police officers. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2020;4:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100...
).
Ressalta-se que, nesta revisão, em todos os estudos incluídos, prevaleceu o público masculino. O sexo influenciou principalmente na forma como lidaram com situações estressantes e, portanto, experimentaram a SB diferentemente(5353 Xavier P. Gender Differences in Police Stress, Coping, and Burnout in India. Int J Rec Technol Engineering. 2019;8(2S4):673. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.0782S419
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.078...
). Assim, os homens apresentaram maior risco do que as mulheres para o desenvolvimento da SB(5555 García-Rivera BR, Olguín-Tiznado JE, Aranibar MF, Ramírez-Barón MC, Camargo-Wilson C, López-Barreras JA, et al. Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;3;17(15):5586. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586...
). Entre os policiais do sexo masculino, a SB foi mais prevalente entre os que tinham filhos(4444 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_a...
) e os mais jovens tiveram associação positiva com tal síndrome(4848 Wickramasinghe ND, Wijesinghe PR. Burnout subtypes and associated factors among police officers in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:192-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.0...
). Diferenças significativas foram verificadas de acordo com a idade e a experiência de trabalho(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
).
É de extrema importância mencionar que sintomas de estresse pós-traumático(2424 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
-2525 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
), desesperança(4646 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180...
,6262 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
), depressão(6262 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
), ideação suicida(5454 Wray Candic A, Jarrett SB. The relationship between burnout and suicidal ideations among Jamaican police officers. Int J Police Sci Manag. 2019;21(3);181-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026...
,6363 Civilotti C, Acquadro Maran D, Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Hopelessness in police officers and its association with depression and burnout: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169...
), estresse geral(2525 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
,3030 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.73...
,3939 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), mal-estar psicológico(2121 Espinosa JRB, Esteban BL, Izquierdo MG, Navarro MCS Ortuño MS. Relation between the quality sleep, burnout and psychological well-being in policemen. Mapfre Medicina [Internet]. 2002[cited 2023 Jan 30];13:258-67. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212092_Relation_between_the_quality_sleep_burnout_and_psychological_well-being_in_policemen
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
,2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), cinismo, intenções de rotatividade laboral, aumento da proteção da família, desconfiança geral e dependência de colegas(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
) devem ser levados em consideração para o desenvolvimento da SB(3030 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.73...
,3939 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), além de contribuírem para a perda da empatia entre as pessoas(6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
). Os níveis mais elevados de SB levam ao comportamento de evitação(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
).
Sentimentos de fadiga, emoções negativas de baixa excitação(3232 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0...
), agressividade, raiva, exaustão emocional(3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
), insônia(6666 Sorengaard TA, Langvik E. The protective effect of fair and supportive leadership against burnout in police employees. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(4):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.0...
) e também o sentimento de insegurança podem influenciar nos comportamentos de agressão física(6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
). Um estudo realizado na Holanda apontou correlações significativas entre burnout e o uso da força(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
).
Outros fatores que se mostraram preditores para a SB foram a variedade e intensidade das emoções e possuir ensino médio completo(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
). Além disso, os piores níveis da síndrome estavam presentes em pessoas com autopercepção ruim do estado de saúde, má percepção da qualidade da dieta, sem refeições regulares e índice de massa corporal elevado(6767 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
).
Sugere-se que o envolvimento extremo no trabalho e o supercomprometimento podem estar relacionados à necessidade de aprovação e à impossibilidade de os servidores afastarem-se do trabalho, mesmo em regime de folga. O supercomprometimento foi positivo e significativamente associado ao cinismo e à exaustão, enquanto a eficácia profissional mostrou uma associação inversa com supercomprometimento(4747 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10986111187747...
).
Um estudo realizado com 573 policiais alemães mostrou que o alto esforço de trabalho associou-se aos níveis mais altos de burnout, enquanto as recompensas no trabalho e a liderança voltada para a saúde foram associadas aos níveis mais baixos de tal síndrome(5959 Santa Maria A, Wolter C, Gusy B, Kleiber D, Renneberg B. Reducing work-related burnout among police officers: the impact of job rewards and health-oriented leadership. Police J. 2020:94(3):406-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805...
). Pesquisas identificaram que variáveis como a idade, educação, turno de trabalho, função(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
), estado civil, escolaridade e estabilidade no trabalho(3535 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index....
) associaram-se ao desenvolvimento da SB. Já outro estudo afirmou que o sexo e a idade eram fatores a serem descartados no desenvolvimento da SB em policiais avaliados(4242 Aguayo R, Vargas C, Cañadas GR, Fuente EI. Are Socio-Demographic Factors Associated to Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers? a correlational meta-analysis. An Psicol. 2017;33(2);383-92. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.260391
https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.26...
).
Fatores relacionados ao trabalho do policial foram apontados como favorecedores para o surgimento da SB; os policiais têm níveis relativamente baixos de exaustão emocional e níveis relativamente altos de despersonalização(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
). Os resultados mostraram também que um elevado número deles apresentou alta prevalência de burnout e um alto nível de exaustão mental(5555 García-Rivera BR, Olguín-Tiznado JE, Aranibar MF, Ramírez-Barón MC, Camargo-Wilson C, López-Barreras JA, et al. Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;3;17(15):5586. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586...
). Outros fatores constatados nesse público favorecedores para a SB foram as unidades policiais menores, nas quais esses profissionais experimentam níveis significativamente mais altos de esgotamento e estresse comparados com colegas que trabalham em unidades maiores(2727 McCarty W, Schuck A, Skogan W, Rossenbaum D. Police stress, burnout, and health [Internet]. National Institute of Justice. 2011[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242957.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants...
). Também evidenciou-se que os estressores organizacionais foram mais expressivos quando comparados com os operacionais(5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.). Foram identificados ainda preditores para a SB como frequência de interação com suspeitos e criminosos, necessidade de expressar emoções positivas como parte do trabalho policial, exercer a função de “cabo” e atuar no serviço externo(4040 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1...
).
Uma pesquisa realizada com 538 funcionários da polícia nacional turca mostrou que as tensões organizacionais e operacionais na aplicação da lei foram mais associadas aos níveis da SB(3434 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565...
). A SB foi associada ao comprometimento organizacional e à punição disciplinar(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
), ao sexo(2929 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951111115747...
,3131 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X201...
,6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), à carga de trabalho, se tinham contato direto com supervisores(6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), horários dos turnos de trabalho (irregulares, rotativos, fixos), características do turno (noite, duração, frequência, horário de trabalho), sonolência diurna, aumento de turnos noturnos(5252 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
), exposição à mídia, dependência de colegas de trabalho, intenções de rotatividade(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
27 McCarty W, Schuck A, Skogan W, Rossenbaum D. Police stress, burnout, and health [Internet]. National Institute of Justice. 2011[cited 2023 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242957.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants...
28 Ari Samet.The Relationship between the burnout and organizational commitment levels of the police officers’: a research on İstanbul Police Headquarters. [Tese]. Marmara Universitesi; 2011.
29 Vuorensyrjä M, Mälkiä, M. Nonlinearity of the effects of police stressors on police officer burnout. Policing: Int J. 2011;34(3);382-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111157474
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30 Backteman-Erlanson S, Padyab M, Brulin C. Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel. Police Pract Res. 2012;1(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.736719
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31 Queiros C, Kaiseler M, Silva AL. Burnout as a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. EuropEan J Policing Stud. 2013;1(2):110-35. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2013001002003
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32 Basinska B, Wiciak I, Dåderman A. Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions. Policing Int J Police Strat Mana. 2014;37;665-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0105
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33 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
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34 Kula S, Sahin I. The Impacts of Occupational Stress on the Work-related Burnout Levels of Turkish National Police (TNP) Members. Int J Public Polic. 2015;11:169-185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPP.2015.070565
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35 Odedokun A. Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Job Burnout among Police Officers in Ibadan, Oyo State. Mediterr J Soc Sci[Internet]. 2015[cited 2023 Jan 30];6(3):520. Available from: https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/6437
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36 Stoyanova RG, Harizanova SN. Assessment of the Personal Losses Suffered by Correctional Officers due to Burnout Syndrome. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2016;7(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.680
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37 Ascari RA, Dumke M, Dacol PM, Junior SM, Sá CAL. Prevalência de risco para síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21(2). https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610
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38 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
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39 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
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40 Alves JSC, Bendassolli PF, Gondim SMG. Trabalho emocional e burnout: um estudo com policiais militares. Avances en Psicología Latinoam[Internet]. 2017[cited 2023 Jan 30];35(3);459-47. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/apl/v35n3/1794-4724-apl-35-03-00459.pdf
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41 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
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42 Aguayo R, Vargas C, Cañadas GR, Fuente EI. Are Socio-Demographic Factors Associated to Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers? a correlational meta-analysis. An Psicol. 2017;33(2);383-92. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.260391
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43 Kumar V, Kamalanabhan TJ. Moderating role of work support in stressor-burnout relationship: An empirical investigation among police personnel in India. Psychol Stud. 2017;62:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-0
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44 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
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45 Silva CCS, Santos GMD, Amorim MDS, Costa MDMH, Medeiros SMD. A síndrome de burnout entre policiais civis. Reme: Rev Min Enferm[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];22. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-905273
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46 Chaves MSRS, Shimizu IS. Burnout syndrome and sleep quality among military police officers in Piaui. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2018;16(4):436-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5327%2FZ1679443520180286
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47 Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Andrew ME, Allison P, Gu JK, Fekedulegn D. Effort-Reward Imbalance and Overcommitment at Work: associations with police burnout. Police Q. 2018;21(4):440-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611118774764
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48 Wickramasinghe ND, Wijesinghe PR. Burnout subtypes and associated factors among police officers in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:192-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.006
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49 Kwak H, McNeeley S, Kim SH. Emotional labor, role characteristics, and police officer burnout in South Korea: the mediating effect of emotional dissonance. Police Quart. 2018;21(2):223-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230...
50 Lambert EG, Qureshi H, Keena LD, Frank J, Hogan NL. Exploring the link between work-family conflict and job burnout among Indian police officers. Police J. 2019; 92(1):35-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285...
51 Basinska BA, Dåderman AM. Work values of police officers and their relationship with job burnout and work engagement. Front Psychol. 2019;10:442. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.00442
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52 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
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53 Xavier P. Gender Differences in Police Stress, Coping, and Burnout in India. Int J Rec Technol Engineering. 2019;8(2S4):673. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.0782S419
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1133.078...
54 Wray Candic A, Jarrett SB. The relationship between burnout and suicidal ideations among Jamaican police officers. Int J Police Sci Manag. 2019;21(3);181-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719856026...
55 García-Rivera BR, Olguín-Tiznado JE, Aranibar MF, Ramírez-Barón MC, Camargo-Wilson C, López-Barreras JA, et al. Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;3;17(15):5586. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155586
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56 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.
57 McCanlies EC, Leppma M, Mnatsakanova A, Allison P, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, et al. Associations of burnout with awakening and diurnal cortisol among police officers. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2020;4:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100...
58 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
59 Santa Maria A, Wolter C, Gusy B, Kleiber D, Renneberg B. Reducing work-related burnout among police officers: the impact of job rewards and health-oriented leadership. Police J. 2020:94(3):406-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20946805
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60 Zeng X, Zhang X, Chen M, Liu J, Wu C. The influence of perceived organizational support on police job burnout: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2020;11:948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948...
61 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
62 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
63 Civilotti C, Acquadro Maran D, Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Hopelessness in police officers and its association with depression and burnout: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095169...
64 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
65 Gutierrez SCH, Quintanilla GDZ, Montoya GBL, Albar-Marin MJ. Burnout Syndrome during COVID-19 in police officers of the Amazonas Police Region, Peru. Rev Univ Del Zulia. 2022;277-90. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18
https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18...
66 Sorengaard TA, Langvik E. The protective effect of fair and supportive leadership against burnout in police employees. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(4):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.0...
67 Torres-Vences IN, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral M, Pérez-Campos EL, Martínez-Cruz, M, Torres-Bravo I, et al. Burnout syndrome and related factors in Mexican police workforces. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(9):5537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095537...
-6868 Gomes GP, Ribeiro N, Gomes DR. The impact of burnout on police officers’ performance and turnover intention: the moderating role of compassion satisfaction. Admin Sci. 2022;12(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092...
), falta de apoio organizacional(3333 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
,5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.,6464 Gao J, Du X, Gao Q. Analysis of burnout and its influencing factors among prison police. Front Public Health. 2022;13(10):891745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.891745
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.89174...
), falta de apoio social(2626 Perez LM, Jones J, Englert DR, Sachau, D. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. J Police Crim Psych. 2010;25:113-24. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
,3333 Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance. 2015;28(4):332-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021045
https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.10...
,3939 Padyab M, Backteman-Erlanson S, Brulin C. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2016;31:229-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s118...
), anos de serviço e estado civil(6565 Gutierrez SCH, Quintanilla GDZ, Montoya GBL, Albar-Marin MJ. Burnout Syndrome during COVID-19 in police officers of the Amazonas Police Region, Peru. Rev Univ Del Zulia. 2022;277-90. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18
https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.18...
).
Dados recolhidos em 2021 entre 1.682 policiais portugueses, por meio de inquéritos individuais, mostraram que a SB associou-se à interferência positiva no desempenho laboral, pois quando uma pessoa sofre de burnout diminui a intenção de sair da organização(6868 Gomes GP, Ribeiro N, Gomes DR. The impact of burnout on police officers’ performance and turnover intention: the moderating role of compassion satisfaction. Admin Sci. 2022;12(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092
https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030092...
). Insatisfação com a corporação, baixo nível de sociabilidade, transferências de local de trabalho sem consentimento ou aviso prévio podem interferir negativamente na vida dos policiais(55 Ribeiro BMSS, Scorsolini-comin F, Terra FS, Dalri RCMB. Síndrome de burnout em policiais militares à luz do referencial interpretativo. Rev Recien. 2023;13(41):532-9. https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13.41.532-539
https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13....
).
Um estudo transversal que utilizou questionários online em 1.131 policiais evidenciou que eles apresentaram alto nível de estresse operacional e organizacional e baixo enfrentamento resiliente(5858 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
). Em Istambul, policiais com SB apresentaram relação negativa com o comprometimento organizacional(2828 Ari Samet.The Relationship between the burnout and organizational commitment levels of the police officers’: a research on İstanbul Police Headquarters. [Tese]. Marmara Universitesi; 2011.); 358 policiais holandeses com SB, durante gestão de conflitos, agiram de forma diferente em confrontos com civis(2020 Kop N, Euwema M. Burnout and conflict-management among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4);326-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019789
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837995001978...
).
Além de lidarem com escalas desumanas, os policiais submetem-se a horas extras em suas folgas para complementação do salário, o que torna difícil a realização de uma rotina que preconize atividades que trabalhem de modo efetivo e harmônico com o corpo e a mente(55 Ribeiro BMSS, Scorsolini-comin F, Terra FS, Dalri RCMB. Síndrome de burnout em policiais militares à luz do referencial interpretativo. Rev Recien. 2023;13(41):532-9. https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13.41.532-539
https://doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2023.13....
). Outro fator impactante são os recursos reduzidos de trabalho(5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.). Um estudo realizado com 223 policiais em 2007 observou que, para policiais noruegueses, a pressão entre trabalho e família foi um preditor para todas as três dimensões da SB(2525 Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ. Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Jus. 2007;35(3):239-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jc...
).
Uma amostra representativa de 1010 policiais israelenses destacou que durante a revolta violenta palestina foram identificados estressores organizacionais como baixo salário, falta de recursos e sobrecarga, nos quais mais da metade dos policiais tiveram níveis altos de estresse e burnout. Mas mesmo com todo o estresse laboral verificado, a avaliação dos oficiais demonstrou alta satisfação em seu trabalho(2424 Malach-Pines A, Keinan G. Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada). Int J Stress Manag. 2007[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(2):160-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1072...
). Uma pesquisa realizada em 2020 na Croácia apresentou que os policiais pesquisados relataram ter o maior apoio dos colegas, seguidos pela família, enquanto o menor apoio era recebido de seus superiores(5656 Glavina Jelaš I, Ivan DRK. Sigurnost: časopis za sigurnost u radnoj i životnoj okolini. Sigurnost. 2020;62(4); 329-345.). Um estudo transversal realizado com 1.742 policiais alemães de patrulha apontou que os policiais com SB reduziram comportamento de autoproteção, o que, por sua vez, aumentou o risco de vitimização. A despersonalização estava positivamente associada a uma atitude favorável em relação à violência, que estava associada à vitimização violenta(3838 Ellrich K. Burnout and violent victimization in police officers: a dual process model. Policing: Int J Police Strat Manag. 2016;39(4):652-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0125
https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0...
).
Uma pesquisa transversal que trabalhou com uma amostra não aleatória de 1.223 oficiais indicou que as demandas quantitativas de SB tiveram um efeito negativo no comprometimento com o local de trabalho, nos comportamentos de cidadania organizacional e na saúde dos pesquisados(6161 Kumar A, Narula S. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers. FIIB Business Review. 2021;10(1):74-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136
https://doi.org/10.1177/2319714521999136...
). Já outro estudo apontou que as demandas quantitativas do trabalho não tiveram associação significativa com burnout(6666 Sorengaard TA, Langvik E. The protective effect of fair and supportive leadership against burnout in police employees. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(4):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.09.0...
). Na capital da Índia, achados revelaram que a interface organizacional e trabalho-casa contribuíram positiva e significativamente para o desenvolvimento da SB(4343 Kumar V, Kamalanabhan TJ. Moderating role of work support in stressor-burnout relationship: An empirical investigation among police personnel in India. Psychol Stud. 2017;62:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0383-...
). No geral, o trabalho emocional, os estressores de papéis e a dissonância emocional estavam relacionados ao maior esgotamento dos policiais(4949 Kwak H, McNeeley S, Kim SH. Emotional labor, role characteristics, and police officer burnout in South Korea: the mediating effect of emotional dissonance. Police Quart. 2018;21(2):223-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230...
). Ainda destaca-se que a falta de suporte organizacional percebido não afetou apenas o desgaste do trabalho policial, mas também afetou a satisfação no trabalho(6060 Zeng X, Zhang X, Chen M, Liu J, Wu C. The influence of perceived organizational support on police job burnout: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2020;11:948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00948...
).
Utilizando-se de amostragem aleatória sistemática, os dados coletados em uma pesquisa realizada entre 1.000 dos 3.000 policiais nos distritos de Rohtak e Sonipat, no estado de Haryana, na Índia, mencionaram que o conflito baseado no tempo, no comportamento e na família teve associações positivas com o esgotamento da despersonalização e com a redução do senso de esgotamento da realização pessoal(5050 Lambert EG, Qureshi H, Keena LD, Frank J, Hogan NL. Exploring the link between work-family conflict and job burnout among Indian police officers. Police J. 2019; 92(1):35-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761285...
). Em Brasília, capital do Brasil, um estudo realizado com 164 policiais demonstrou que a tarefa laboral e as características sociais predizem negativamente o burnout e, portanto, foram variáveis protetoras(6262 Lira PS, Perez-Ebra AR, Queiroga F. Modelo integrado de Burnout entre Policiais do Distrito Federal: uma ampliação conceitual. Rev Psicol Organ Trab. 2021;21(3):1621-30. https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.20532
https://doi.org/10.5935/rpot/2021.3.2053...
). É importante destacar que 234 policiais poloneses deram maior prioridade aos valores extrínsecos do trabalho e que o esgotamento profissional foi negativamente correlacionado com os valores cognitivos intrínsecos do trabalho, os quais podem ter interferência no engajamento laboral(5151 Basinska BA, Dåderman AM. Work values of police officers and their relationship with job burnout and work engagement. Front Psychol. 2019;10:442. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.00442
https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.004...
).
Em uma pesquisa realizada no Canadá, 122 policiais apareceram significativamente mais despersonalizados com pessoas em suas vidas não ocupacionais. Afirmaram ainda que o esgotamento e o estresse relacionados ao trabalho podem ter um efeito negativo sobre o relacionamento conjugal(1919 Lain DR. Burnout in the police force: the effects of occupational stress on marital relationships [Thesis]. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1983.).
Uma pesquisa realizada em 2016 na Bulgária apontou que as características demográficas não influenciaram na ocorrência da SB, mas houve correlação entre o nível de burnout e o número de afastamentos, necessidade de auxílio médico e gastos com medicamentos. Os oficiais acometidos por SB tiraram mais licenças médicas e isso afetou negativamente sua remuneração, pois perderam 3,1% de seus salários anuais. Suas despesas com serviços médicos foram três vezes maiores e seus gastos mensais com medicamentos foram 3,14 vezes maiores do que os das pessoas sem a SB(3636 Stoyanova RG, Harizanova SN. Assessment of the Personal Losses Suffered by Correctional Officers due to Burnout Syndrome. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2016;7(1):33-41. https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.680
https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijoem.2016.68...
).
Um estudo descritivo-quantitativo realizado com 25 policiais civis que atuavam na Gerência de Inteligência da Secretaria de Estado da Segurança e da Defesa Social do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, constatou traços de burnout, uma vez que detectou-se a exaustão emocional em nível médio, despersonalização em nível baixo e profissional em nível alto(4545 Silva CCS, Santos GMD, Amorim MDS, Costa MDMH, Medeiros SMD. A síndrome de burnout entre policiais civis. Reme: Rev Min Enferm[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];22. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-905273
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
). Já outro estudo de duas ondas com 172 enfermeiros e 273 policiais mostrou vários padrões comuns em ambas as amostras, sendo que o aumento de demandas de trabalho e a diminuição dos recursos de trabalho em um ambiente altamente exigente mostrou um aumento significativo na SB(4141 Hu Q, Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? a longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):631-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750...
).
Um estudo realizado no Ceará, Brasil, avaliou a prática regular de exercícios físicos e observou-se que tanto mulheres quanto homens praticavam atividades físicas pelo menos duas vezes por semana e encontravam-se, pelo menos, na fase inicial do burnout(4444 Lima FRB, Lima LF, Oliveira AAR, Ferreira, EO, Neto PP. Identificação preliminar da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Motricidade[Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1646-107X2018000100020
http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_a...
). Citou-se que ser casado, ter infraestrutura satisfatória, orientação superior frequente, apoio de oficial superior satisfatório, subsídios satisfatórios, oportunidade de servir o público, adequação da equipe, status social satisfatório e satisfação geral no trabalho apresentaram associações negativas com a SB(4848 Wickramasinghe ND, Wijesinghe PR. Burnout subtypes and associated factors among police officers in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:192-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.0...
).
Diferente do citado até o momento, um estudo realizado em 2016 no Brasil verificou que não há incidência da SB entre os policiais pesquisados, contudo, apontou que encontrou-se prevalência de risco para seu desenvolvimento(3737 Ascari RA, Dumke M, Dacol PM, Junior SM, Sá CAL. Prevalência de risco para síndrome de burnout em policiais militares. Cogitare Enferm. 2016;21(2). https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610
https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v21i2.44610...
). Os resultados reforçaram a importância de se investir na saúde ocupacional dos policiais(5858 Queirós C, Passos F, Bártolo A, Faria S, Fonseca SM, Marques AJ, et al. Job stress, burnout and coping in police officers: relationships and psychometric properties of the organizational police stress questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;15;17(18):6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718...
). Há necessidade de se rever a carga horária dessa classe profissional para limitar seu esgotamento físico e emocional(5252 Peterson SA, Wolkow AP, Lockley SW, O'Brien CS, Qadri S, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;1;9(11):e030302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030302
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
). É importante enfatizar que em alguns países têm-se um panorama desconhecido vinculado a essa temática. Ainda, pode ser que ocorra a subnotificação do adoecimento pela SB nos trabalhadores que atuam na área da Segurança Pública, fator este que pode ser mais bem capturado/estimado em levantamentos futuros. Ressalta-se a premência de garantir os direitos dos trabalhadores da Segurança Pública ao mesmo tempo em que se reforça a pauta da saúde mental nessa classe, movimento que deve ser capturado pela produção vindoura.
Identificou-se uma quantidade pequena de estudos associados à temática em questão disponibilizados na literatura. Percebeu-se que, após um período de 40 anos de estudo, permanecem os mesmos questionamentos dos estudos iniciais, indicando que não se avançou em termos da solução da SB junto a esse público. Em contrapartida, a ampliação do número de estudos sobre essa temática enfatiza o reconhecimento de sua importância.
Limitações do estudo
Este estudo apresenta algumas limitações que devem ser levadas em consideração. Em primeiro lugar, é importante ressaltar que pesquisas relevantes podem não ter sido publicadas em periódicos acadêmicos pesquisados, e documentos governamentais e anais de eventos científicos que poderiam conter informações pertinentes podem não ter sido incluídos na análise. Além disso, as revisões de escopo não incluem uma avaliação crítica das metodologias empregadas nos estudos incluídos, visto que diferentes instrumentos foram utilizados na mensuração dos dados. Reconhecemos que essa diversidade metodológica pode ter impactado na qualidade dos estudos apresentados nesta revisão. No entanto, ressaltamos que mais pesquisas são necessárias para uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre essa síndrome e sua relação com o trabalho dos policiais.
Contribuições para a área da Segurança Pública, Saúde do Trabalhador, Saúde Mental e Saúde Pública
Este artigo se propõe a subsidiar a compreensão dos fatores que contribuem para o burnout, tendo um impacto significativo nas áreas da Segurança Pública, Saúde do Trabalhador, Saúde Mental e Saúde Pública. Sua contribuição para a produção de conhecimento sobre essa temática é notável, avançando o entendimento e proporcionando insights para futuras pesquisas e políticas direcionadas a essa população. Além de fornecer uma base sólida para estudos subsequentes, este artigo sugere a necessidade de medidas e políticas voltadas especificamente para os policiais, com o intuito de promover a saúde física e mental desses profissionais. Ações intervencionistas são essenciais para garantir o bem-estar dos policiais e prevenir o surgimento do burnout. É fundamental que sejam desenvolvidos projetos que visem melhorar a qualidade de vida no trabalho dos policiais, bem como incentivar pesquisas científicas para avaliar os resultados e impactos dessas iniciativas em diferentes contextos regionais. Portanto, estratégias e políticas públicas direcionadas à prevenção do burnout entre os policiais são urgentemente necessárias e devem ser implementadas.
CONCLUSÕES
Houve predominância de pesquisas realizadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, a maioria envolvendo profissionais do sexo masculino. Foram identificadas características laborais que favorecem o surgimento da SB entre o público pesquisado, assim como fatores que influenciam sua ocorrência. Apesar de se observar que há países com melhores condições de trabalho para os policiais em termos de segurança, constatou-se que mesmo assim eles são afetados por essa síndrome.
Foram identificados diversos fatores que contribuem para o surgimento da SB, incluindo características individuais e laborais, sendo alguns específicos dos policiais quando comparados a outras profissões. Os resultados dos estudos selecionados nesta revisão revelaram a complexidade desse fenômeno, destacando a importância de continuar discutindo os aspectos laborais desse público no campo da Saúde Mental e da Saúde do Trabalhador, tanto por gestores públicos quanto por entidades de classe.
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Editado por
Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
15 Jul 2024 -
Data do Fascículo
2024
Histórico
-
Recebido
18 Out 2023 -
Aceito
14 Fev 2024