Torlesse et al/ 2016(1313 Torlesse H, Cronin AA, Sebayang SK, Nandy R. Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):669. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-...
) |
Cross-sectional |
1,366 children aged 0-23 months/ Indonesia |
To identify factors associated with stunting in children aged 0-23 months. |
Age of child: 12-23 months (aOR 4.40)*** Low household wealth (aOR 2.30)** Male gender (aOR 1.45)**
|
Sari et al/2021(1414 Sari K, Sartika RAD. The effect of the physical factors of parents and children on stunting at birth among newborns in Indonesia. J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(5):309-16. http://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.120 http://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.120...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
756 infants/ Indonesia |
To determine the relationship between physical factors of parents and children with the incidence of stunting at birth |
Stunting at birth Age of mother at first pregnancy***: 15-17 y (aOR 0.37), 18-19 y (aOR 0.37), 20-24 y (aOR 1.34), ≥25 y (aOR 0.80) Number of parities***: one parity (aOR 2.31), two parities (aOR 2.04), three parities (aOR 1.70) Preterm birth (aOR 2.12)*** Parental height with mother <145 cm and father <161.9 cm (aOR 5.93)*** Age of parents: either parent 20-35 years (aOR 1.50), both parent <20 or >35 years (aOR 2.37)***
|
Hadi et al/2021(1515 Hadi H, Fatimatasari F, Irwanti W, Kusuma C, Alfiana RD, Asshiddiqi MIN. Exclusive breastfeeding protects young children from stunting in a low-income population: a study from eastern Indonesia. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124264 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124264...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
408 caregivers of children aged 6-24 months/ Indonesia |
To examine the role of exclusive BF in reducing stunting prevalence among children <2 years old attributable to low HH in a low income Indonesian population |
Male gender (aOR 1.51) Exclusive BF (aOR 0.82) Age of child: <12 months (aOR 0.20) Mother as caregiver (aOR 0.38) Maternal employment status: unemployed (aOR 8.40), labor/entrepreneur (aOR 4.52), farmer/breeder (aOR 11.74) Monthly HH expenditure: <USD 15 (aOR 1.03), USD 15 to <25 (aOR 2.00), USD 25 to <37 (aOR 2.28), USD 37 to <54 (aOR 1.20), >USD 54 (aOR 1)
|
Gunardi et al/2018(1616 Gunardi H, Soedjatmiko S, Sekartini R, Medise BE, Darmawan AC, Armeilia R. Association between parental socio-demographic factors and declined linear growth of young children in Jakarta. Med J Indones. 2018;26(4):286-92. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v26i4.1819 https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v26i4.1819...
) |
Cohort |
160 children aged <24 months/ Indonesia |
To identify parental socio-demographic risk factors of declined linear growth in children under 2 years. |
Maternal education ≤9 years (RR 2.60)* Working mother (RR 0.17)*
|
Sartika et al/2021(1717 Sartika AN, Khoirunnisa M, Meiyetriani E, Ermayani E, Pramesthi IL, Nur Ananda AJ. Prenatal and postnatal determinants of stunting at age 0-11 months: a cross-sectional study in Indonesia. PLoS One. 2021;16:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254662 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
) |
Cross-sectional |
559 infants/ Indonesia |
To determine important factors of childhood stunting with a focus on maternal and child nutrition, and pre-postnatal determinants |
Adjusted with LBW LBW (aOR 4.119)** Diarrhea (aOR 3.227)*** Preterm birth (aOR 5.10)* Incomplete immunization (aOR 2.43)*
|
Titaley et al/2019(1818 Titaley CR, Ariawan I, Hapsari D, Muasyaroh A, Dibley MJ. Determinants of the stunting of children under two years old in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051106 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051106...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
24,657 children aged <24 months/ Indonesia |
To examine the determinants of stunting in children aged <24 months using the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey data |
>3 HH members who aged under 5 years (aOR 1.33)* 5-7 HH members (aOR 1.1)** HH wealth: poorest (aOR 1.74)*** 1-3 times prenatal care visitation (aOR 1.22)** Male gender (aOR 1.33)*** Age of child: 12-23 months (aOR 1.89)*** LBW (aOR 2.55)***
|
Nurhayati et al/2020(1919 Nurhayati E, Paramashanti BA, Astiti D, Aji AS. Dietary diversity, vitamin D intake and childhood stunting: a case-control study in Bantul, Indonesia. Malays J Nutr. 2020;26(2):273-87. https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0021 https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0021...
) |
Case-control |
158 children aged 6-23 months/ Indonesia |
To examine the relationship between dietary diversity and vitamin D intake with stunting in children aged 6-23 months |
Age of child: 18-23 months (OR 3.80)* BL ≥48 cm (OR 0.36)* Poor micronutrient quality: vitamin D (OR 5.18)* Dietary diversity with ≥4 food groups (OR 0.17)*
|
Madinar et al/2021(2020 Madinar M, Andina E, Achadi EL. Fulfilment of minimum acceptable diet (MAD), short birth length and family income level are associated with stunting in children aged 6-23 months in Central Jakarta. Malays J Nutr. 2021;27(2):259-70. https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0045 https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0045...
) |
Cross-sectional |
231 children aged 6-23 months/ Indonesia |
To determine the factors related to stunting among children aged 6-23 months. |
MAD is not met (OR 3.29)* Short BL (OR 0.471)* Family income level (OR 0.387)**
|
Utami et al/2018(2121 Utami N, Rachmalina R, Irawati A, Sari K, Rosha BC, Amaliah N, et al. Short birth length, low birth weight and maternal short stature are dominant risks of stunting among children aged 0-23 months: evidence from Bogor longitudinal study on child growth and development, Indonesia. Malays J Nutr [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Mar 15];24:11-23. Available from: https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/24-1/b.pdf https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/...
) |
Cohort |
320 children aged <23 months/ Indonesia |
To determine the major factors of stunting among children aged 0-23 months |
BW <3000 gr (HR 1.847)*** BL <48 cm (HR 1.567)* Maternal height <150 cm (HR 1.436)*
|
Hanifah et al/2018(2222 Hanifah L, Wulansari R, Meiandayati R, Achadi EL. Stunting trends and associated factors among Indonesian children aged 0-23 months: evidence from Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS) 2000, 2007 and 2014. Malays J Nutr [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Mar 15];24(3):315-22. Available from: https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/24-3/b.pdf https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
4,677 children aged 0-23 months in 2000, 2007, and 2014/ Indonesia |
To determine the trend of stunting incidence and associated factors in 2000 and 2014 |
In 2000: Age of child*** LBW* Maternal education status** Completeness of prenatal care** Inadequate sanitation*** Completeness of immunization* In 2014: Age of child*** BW*** Provision of prelacteal*** Ownership of Mother and Child Health Book/Card ** Inadequate sanitation*
|
Diana et al/2021(2323 Diana A, Haszard JJ, Sari SYI, Rahmannia S, Fathonah A, Sofiah WN. Determination of modifiable risk factors for length-for-age z-scores among resource-poor Indonesian infants. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0247247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247247 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
) |
Cohort |
230 healthy full term, breastfed infants/ Indonesia |
To identify factors influencing the linear growth children in rural setting |
Stunting in children aged 6 to 12 months Maternal height (SMD 0.21)** Improved drinking water source (SMD -0.31)*
|
Rohner et al/2013(2424 Rohner F, Woodruff BA, Aaron GJ, Yakes EA, Lebanan MAO, Rayco-Solon P. Infant and young child feeding practices in urban Philippines and their associations with stunting, anemia, and deficiencies of iron and vitamin A. Food Nutr Bull. 2013;34(2 Suppl):17-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265130342S104 https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265130342S1...
) |
Cross-sectional |
1,777 HH with children aged 6-23 months/ Philippines |
To determine factor associated with the nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months living in urban areas of the Philippines. |
HH with poorest socioeconomic status (aOR 4.8)*** Using wood or coal as fuel for cooking (aOR 1.5)* Age of child (aOR 1.08)*** Not consuming daily or weekly multivitamin (aOR 1.5)*
|
Maravilla et al/2020(2525 Maravilla JC, Betts K, Adair L, Alati R. Stunting of children under two from repeated pregnancy among young mothers. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14265. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71106-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71106...
) |
Cohort |
1,033 singleton birth mothers aged 14-24 years/ Philippines |
To measure the magnitude of the association between repeated pregnancy in adolescent mother and stunting incidence in children aged 12 and 24 months |
Stunting in children aged 12 months Repeated pregnancy (aOR 1.40)*** LBW (aOR 2.52)*** BF within 24 hours after delivery (aOR 1.42)* BF until 12 months (aOR 0.34)* Solid foods within 6-8 months of age (aOR 0.31)*
|
Hinojosa et al/2021(2626 Hinojosa AP V., Tandang NA, Domingo DGC. Relationship between maternal characteristics and stunting in children aged 0 to 23 months in the Philippines. Malays J Nutr. 2021;27(3). https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2021-0010 https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2021-0010...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
5,254 children aged 0-23 months/ Philippines |
To determine the relationship between maternal characteristics and nutritional status of children aged 0-23 months based on their length per height for age |
College level maternal education (OR 0.39)* BF for 1-6 mo (OR 0.58) and >1 year (OR 2.64)*** Age-appropriate BF (OR 0.63)* Third semester of pregnancy age: (OR 2.95)** Having tetanus toxoid vaccine at prenatal care (OR 0.67)* Having ultrasound assessment at prenatal care (OR 0.71)*
|
Guirindola et al/2021(2727 Guirindola MO, Goyena EA, Maniego ML V. Risk factors of stunting during the complementary feeding period 6-23 months in the Philippines. Malays J Nutr. 2021;27(1):123-40. https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0112 https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0112...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
2,275 children aged 6-23 months/ Philippines |
To identify the drivers of stunting in young Filipino children aged 6-23 months |
Age of child: 12-23 months (RR 3.04)** Male gender (RR 1.99)** LBW (RR 2.19)** Age of mother: <20 years (RR 1.90)* Maternal height <151 cm (RR 2.33)** Maternal education level is primary school and less (RR 1.59)* Wealth status is poor (RR 1.69)* Not given prelacteal (RR 0.67)* MMF is not met (RR 1.82)*
|
Ulep et al/2022(2828 Ulep VGT, Uy J, Casas LD. What explains the large disparity in child stunting in the Philippines? a decomposition analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2022;25(11):2995-3007. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002100416X https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002100416...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
1,881 children aged 6-23 months/ Philippines |
To determine the magnitude of socioeconomic inequality in stunting among 6-23 months Filipino children and to decompose the inequality into maternal, health and nutrition and socio-demographic factors |
Male gender (β=-0.11)* Maternal height (β=-0.02)* Divorced marital status (β=0.17)* BMI*: normal (β=-0.11), overweight (β=-0.16), obese (β=-0.20) MMF (β=-0.15)* DDS (β=-0.02)* High quality of prenatal care (β=-0.06)* Iron supplementation in children (β=-0.06)*
|
Blake et al/2016(2929 Blake RA, Park S, Baltazar P, Ayaso EB, Monterde DBS, Acosta LP. LBW and SGA impact longitudinal growth and nutritional status of Filipino infants. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159461 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
357 mother-infant pairs/ Philippines |
To compare rates of stunting, wasting and underweight among infants with LBW, SGA, non-LBW, and non-SGA at one, six and 12 months of age |
Male gender (OR 1.78)** Gestational age (OR 0.69)*** LBW (OR 3.82)*** SGA (OR 2.98)*** Non-exclusive BF (OR 2.30)** Maternal height at first semester of pregnancy (OR 0.95)** Maternal weight at first semester of pregnancy (OR 0.97)*
|
Kpewou et al/2020(3030 Kpewou DE, Poirot E, Berger J, Som SV, Laillou A, Belayneh SN. Maternal mid-upper arm circumference during pregnancy and linear growth among Cambodian infants during the first months of life. Matern Child Nutr. 2020;16(S2). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12951 https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12951...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
779 mothers-infant pairs/ Cambodia |
To describe the effect of mother’s nutritional status during pregnancy on early child growth |
MUAC at pregnancy <23 cm (OR 1.676)* Maternal education level is secondary school and above (aOR 0.46)* Male gender (aOR 1.57) * HH wealth index: richest (OR 0.41)*
|
Laillou et al/2020(3131 Laillou A, Gauthier L, Wieringa F, Berger J, Chea S, Poirot E. Reducing malnutrition in Cambodia. a modeling exercise to prioritize multisectoral interventions. Matern Child Nutr. 2020;16(S2). https://doi.org//doi/10.1111/mcn.12770 https://doi.org//doi/10.1111/mcn.12770...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
1,938 children aged 6-23.9 months/ Cambodia |
To explore the factors that contribute to stunting and wasting in children |
Percentage to predict stunting. Low wealth quintile (21.4-45.2%) Mother without formal education (12.2-30.6%) Low child feeding index score (15.4-22.3%) No access to vitamin A supplementation (5.4-15.8%) No birth certificate (2.5-14.1%) Access to non-improved sanitation facility (1.9-8.3%) Inadequate treatment of water (1.2-10.2%) Access to non-improved drinking water (5.3-11.3%) |
Harvey et al/2022(3232 Harvey CM, Newell M-L, Padmadas S. Maternal socioeconomic status and infant feeding practices underlying pathways to child stunting in Cambodia: structural path analysis using cross-sectional population data. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):e055853. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055853 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
1,365 children aged 6-24 months/ Cambodia |
To identify and investigate the complex pathways to stunting among children aged 6-24 months cioeconomic factors |
Dietary diversity (β=1, direct effect)* HH wealth (β=0.712; direct effect, β=0.275; indirect effect)** BF (β=-0.948; direct effect)*** Maternal education (β=0.051; indirect effect)*** Maternal employment (high level of participation; β=0.414; indirect effect)***
|
Beal et al/2019(3333 Beal T, Le DT, Trinh TH, Burra DD, Huynh T, Duong TT. Child stunting is associated with child, maternal, and environmental factors in Vietnam. Matern Child Nutr. 2019;15(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12826 https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12826...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
30,771 children aged 6-23 months/ Vietnam |
To identify the stunting determinants among children aged 6-23 months. |
Age of child, years (aRR 2.49)*** Not consuming BF (aRR 1.44)** Age-appropriate BF (aRR 0.65)*** Male gender (aRR 1.35)*** Ethnic minority (aRR 1.31)*** LBW (aRR 1.75)*** Not given vitamin A in past 6 months (aRR 1.13)** Maternal age <18 years (aRR 1.09)* Maternal height ***:<145 cm (aRR 2.04), 145-149cm (aRR 1.62) Maternal BMI <18.5 (aRR 1.20)*** Maternal education***: no formal education (aRR 1.77), primary level (aRR 1.77), secondary level (aRR 1.57), high school level (aRR 1.38) Maternal employment: farmer (aRR 1.09)* No perinatal iron or iron-folate tablet (aRR 1.15)** HH with more than 2 children (aRR 1.10)* Not using iodized salt (aRR 1.11)* Residence type*: rural (aRR 1.14), poor commune (aRR 1.11) |
Young et al/2018(3434 Young MF, Nguyen PH, Gonzalez Casanova I, Addo OY, Tran LM, Nguyen S, et al. Role of maternal preconception nutrition on offspring growth and risk of stunting across the first 1000 days in Vietnam: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0203201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203201 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.020...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
1.409 mothers with at least one ultrasound before 30 weeks/ Vietnam |
To examine associations between preconception maternal nutritional status and linear growth children across the first 1000 days. |
Adjusted with BMI <18 kg/m2. Maternal height <150cm (aRR 2.10)*** BMI at preconception (aRR 1.39)** Age of child (aRR 0.86)* Male gender (aRR 1.29)* Maternal education level**: primary (aRR 2.30), secondary (aRR 2.30) |
Mya et al/2019(3535 Mya KS, Kyaw AT, Tun T. Feeding practices and nutritional status of children age 6-23 months in Myanmar: a secondary analysis of the 2015-16 demographic and health survey. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0209044. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209044 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.020...
) |
Secondary data analysis |
1,222 last children living with their mother and aged 6-23 months/ Myanmar |
To explore the relationship between IYCF practices and nutritional status of children age 6-23 months |
Currently breastfed (aOR 0.51) * Female gender (aOR 0.46)*** Birth size below average (aOR 2.38)*** Maternal height*: 150-159 cm (aOR 0.42), ≥160 cm (aOR 0.41) Working mother (aOR 1.97)** Rural residence (aOR 2.08)*
|
Phu et al/2019(3636 Phu KWW, Wittayasooporn J, Kongsaktrakul C. Influence of child feeding practices and selected basic conditioning factors on stunting in children between 6 and 24 months of age in Myanmar. Makara J Health Res. 2019;23(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/msk.v23i2.10397 https://doi.org/10.7454/msk.v23i2.10397...
) |
Cross-sectional |
216 children aged 6-24 months/ Myanmar |
To assess the influence of dependent care to stunting. |
Feeding index***: low (OR 15.45), medium (OR 4.55) |
Ahmad et al/2021(3737 Ahmad N, Sutan R, Tamil AM, Hajib N. Growth patterns and nutritional status of small for gestational age infants in Malaysia during the first year of life. Child Health Nurs Res. 2021;27(4):317-27. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.4.317 https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.4.3...
) |
Cohort |
344 infants aged ≥3 months/ Malaysia |
To identify the relationship between SGA and its effects on the growth patterns and nutritional status of infants. |
Male gender (aOR 3.51 at one month; aOR 9.20 at six months; aOR 5.66 at 12 months)*** BW <2500 gr (aOR 25.47 at one month; aOR 6.62 at six months)*
|
Masroor et al/2014(3838 Masroor N, Rahman J, TinMyo H, Khattak MAK, Aye A. Factors affecting nutritional status of children below 24 months in Pekan district, Pahang, Malaysia. Malays J Nutr [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Mar 15];20:197-207. Available from: https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/20-2/e.pdf https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/...
) |
Cross-sectional |
910 children aged <24 months/ Malaysia |
To assess the nutritional status of children aged 0-24 months |
Residence** Age of child** Gender** Number of HH members** BW*** Ethnic* Income per capita*
|
Boylan et al/2017(3939 Boylan S, Mihrshahi S, Louie JCY, Rangan A, Salleh HN, Ali HI. Prevalence and risk of moderate stunting among a sample of children aged 0-24 months in Brunei. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21(12):2256-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2348-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2348-...
) |
Cross-sectional |
396 children aged <24 months/ Brunei Darussalam |
To determine the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children aged 0-24 months |
Male gender (aOR 2.48)*** Preterm birth (aOR 2.14)* BW <2500 gr (aOR 2.99)**
|