Visual inspection |
- Simple(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Cheap(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - User-friendly for large areas (wards, rooms)(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - May be implemented with minimum training(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Possible benchmarking(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
)
|
- Unreliable measure for C&D quality(1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Subjective(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Does not evaluate bioburden(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Does not correlate with bioburden(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - May be mistaken with disorder and odors(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
)
|
Fluorescents markers |
- Quick, objective, and cheap(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Minimum training required(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Minimum equipment required(1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Provide immediate feedback(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - May improve the quality of the practices(1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Possible benchmarking(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
)
|
- Tricky, since there is a need to mark the surfaces blindly before cleaning, without the staff knowing the defined areas, and to check them after cleaning with UV light(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Do not evaluate bioburden(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Emphasis on easily visible surfaces and not heavily touched(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
)
|
Microbiological cultures |
- Objective(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Relatively simple(1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Provide quantitative data(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - High sensitivity and specificity(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Identify traced pathogens(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1414 Shama G, Malik DJ. The uses and abuses of rapid bioluminescence-based ATP assays. Int J Hyg Environ Health [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Sep 15];216(2):115-25. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22541898
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2254...
) - May suggest or confirm environmental reservoirs and/or sources of outbreak(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
)
|
- Expensive(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
-1717 Smith PW, Sayles H, Hewlett A, Cavalieri RJ, Gibbs SG, Rupp ME. A study of three methods for assessment of hospital environmental cleaning. Healthc Infect. 2013;18(25):80-5. doi: 10.1071/HI13001 https://doi.org/10.1071/HI13001...
) - Require, at least, 24-48h to provide results(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
-1717 Smith PW, Sayles H, Hewlett A, Cavalieri RJ, Gibbs SG, Rupp ME. A study of three methods for assessment of hospital environmental cleaning. Healthc Infect. 2013;18(25):80-5. doi: 10.1071/HI13001 https://doi.org/10.1071/HI13001...
) - Tricky(1717 Smith PW, Sayles H, Hewlett A, Cavalieri RJ, Gibbs SG, Rupp ME. A study of three methods for assessment of hospital environmental cleaning. Healthc Infect. 2013;18(25):80-5. doi: 10.1071/HI13001 https://doi.org/10.1071/HI13001...
) and require a microbiology lab(1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Require accessible lab resources and specialized personnel to interpret the results(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Routine use unadvisable in local and international guidelines(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Risk of infection depends on standardized benchmarking(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Sample of small surface area only(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
)
|
Adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence |
- Quick(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Objective(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Minimum training required(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Provides quantitative measurement of the C&D* (1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Provides immediate feedback(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - May improve the practices(1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
)
|
- Expensive(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Requires luminometers and swabs(1616 Havill NL. Best practices in disinfection of noncritical surfaces in the health care setting: creating a bundle for success. Am J Infect Control [Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 Mar 8];41(5 Suppl):S26-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622744
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362...
) - Propensity to false-positive results of given systems(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
) - Low sensitivity and specificity(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1818 Carling PC, Parry MF, Bruno-Murtha LA, Dick B. Improving environmental hygiene in 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission. Crit Care [Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 Apr 12];38(4):1054-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081531
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2008...
) - Trials currently non-standardized(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1818 Carling PC, Parry MF, Bruno-Murtha LA, Dick B. Improving environmental hygiene in 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission. Crit Care [Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 Apr 12];38(4):1054-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081531
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2008...
) - Variable cut-off point(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1818 Carling PC, Parry MF, Bruno-Murtha LA, Dick B. Improving environmental hygiene in 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission. Crit Care [Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 Apr 12];38(4):1054-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081531
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2008...
) - Technology under development(88 Mitchell BG, Wilson F, Dancer SJ, McGregor A. Methods to evaluate environmental cleanliness in healthcare facilities. Healthc Infect [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 16];18(1):23-30. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047
http://www.publish.csiro.au/hi/HI12047...
,1818 Carling PC, Parry MF, Bruno-Murtha LA, Dick B. Improving environmental hygiene in 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission. Crit Care [Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 Apr 12];38(4):1054-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081531
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2008...
) - Does not identify pathogen(1717 Smith PW, Sayles H, Hewlett A, Cavalieri RJ, Gibbs SG, Rupp ME. A study of three methods for assessment of hospital environmental cleaning. Healthc Infect. 2013;18(25):80-5. doi: 10.1071/HI13001 https://doi.org/10.1071/HI13001...
)
|