Implications of health conditions on rural soybean workers’ quality of life

a cross-sectional study, with an intentional sample of 299 male rural workers. Data collection took place between October and December 2019. The following instruments were used: World Health Organization Quality Life-bref; Rural Workers’ Living & Health Conditions questionnaire; International Physical Activity Questionnaire; Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener. They were analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics, using bivariate (Mann-Whitney; Kruskal-Wallis) and multivariate tests (generalized additive models for location, scale and shape).

Results:

the presence of a diagnosis of morbidity, alcohol dependence, occupational accidents and absenteeism implied a decrease in workers’ quality of life scores.

Conclusion:

the existence of unfavorable health conditions has a negative impact on rural soybean workers’ quality of life.

Descriptors:
Quality of Life; Men’s Health; Occupational Health; Rural Workers; Occupational Health Nursing

Objective health data	n(%)	Physical	Psychological	Social relations	Environment	General ±QoL
Objective health data	n(%)	Mean ranks
Cardiovascular risk
Yes	102(34.1)	150.58	151.82	150.49	151.71	154.59
No	195(65.2)	145.98	143.61	146.15	143.82	138.31
p value		0.659	0.429	0.667	0.450	0.099
Body Mass Index
Underweight	4(1.3)	114.63	136.38	147.00	156.88	155.25
Normal weight	123(41.1)	154.12	155.02	145.59	155.57	160.37
Overweight	127(42.5)	142.71	141.93	156.52	137.62	147.30
Grade I obesity	39(13.0)	155.24	158.21	134.63	160.76	123.03
Grade II obesity	4(1.3)	174.38	140.63	160.50	194.50	140.25
Grade III obesity	1(0.3)	260.00	180.00	286.00	263.00	137.50
p value		0.547	0.822	0.390	0.251	0.258
Blood pressure
Normal	157(52.5)	141.29	141.02	143.03	140.67	143.05
Pre-hypertension	66(22.1)	139.61	140.80	137.32	140.15	144.40
Stage 1 hypertension	44(14.7)	143.68	138.06	139.48	142.50	130.38
Stage 2 hypertension	10(3.3)	118.65	151.75	129.30	126.75	112.35
Stage 3 hypertension	3(1.0)	146.17	105.33	134.00	156.17	162.33
p value		0.932	0.935	0.972	0.980	0.602

Health risk exposure	n(%)	Physical	Psychological	Social relations	Environment	General ±QoL
Health risk exposure	n(%)	Mean ranks
Pesticide handling
Yes	92 (30.8)	136.82	141.84	149.54	139.59	148.40
No	207(69.2)	155.86	153.63	150.20	154.63	150.71
p value		0.076	0.271	0.950	0.163	0.821
Acute intoxication
Yes	18(6.0)	124.78	117.08	124.58	137.94	121.72
No	281(94.0)	151.62	152.11	151.63	150.77	151.81
p value		0.198	0.092	0.181	0.540	0.129
Chronic intoxication
Yes	9 (3.0)	164.56	146.44	131.17	111.83	115.61
No	290 (97.0)	149.55	150.11	150.58	151.18	151.07
p value		0.065	0.899	0.490	0.176	0.199
Occupational accident
Yes	49 (16.4)	103.14	120.44	142.04	130.79	134.47
No	250 (83.6)	159.18	155.79	151.56	153.77	153.04
p value		0.000^* * Mann-Whitney test. with p<0.05; ± quality of life.	0.008^* * Mann-Whitney test. with p<0.05; ± quality of life.	0.464	0.087	0.145
Sun exposure
Yes	166(55.5)	143.02	147.48	159.94	150.20	149.58
No	133 (44.5)	158.71	153.14	137.59	149.75	150.52
p value		0.116	0.570	0.021^* * Mann-Whitney test. with p<0.05; ± quality of life.	0.964	0.921
Use of sunscreen
Yes	139(46.5)	145.19	149.78	149.67	140.38	152.47
No	160 (53.5)	154.18	150.19	150.29	158.36	147.86
p value		0.366	0.968	0.948	0.071	0.626
Noise exposure
Yes	205(68.6)	139.81	146.62	151.87	142.78	147.87
No	94(31.4)	172.21	157.38	145.91	165.75	154.64
p value		0.002^* * Mann-Whitney test. with p<0.05; ± quality of life.	0.312	0.565	0.032^* * Mann-Whitney test. with p<0.05; ± quality of life.	0.505
Vibration exposure
Yes	129(43.1)	145.62	156.72	149.74	147.95	152.39
No	170(56.9)	153.32	144.90	150.20	151.56	148.19
p value		0.442	0.236	0.962	0.720	0.659
Dust exposure
Yes	188(62.9)	141.70	142.73	151.31	143.97	148.03
No	111(37.1)	164.05	162.32	147.78	160.22	153.34
p value		0.029^* * Mann-Whitney test. with p<0.05; ± quality of life.	0.056^* * Mann-Whitney test. with p<0.05; ± quality of life.	0.723	0.115	0.586

Absenteeism & referred morbidity	n(%)	Physical	Psychological	Social relations	Environment	General ±QoL
Absenteeism & referred morbidity	n(%)	Mean ranks
Absenteeism
Yes	81(27.1)	120.06	134.99	144.72	140.43	138.04
No	218 (72.9)	161.13	155.58	151.96	153.56	154.44
p value		0.000^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.064	0.503	0.241	0.122
Health complaints
Yes	81(27.1)	125.12	136.60	144.22	130.74	131.87
No	218(72.9)	159.24	154.98	152.15	157.16	156.74
p value		0.002^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.098	0.464	0.018^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.019^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;
Morbidity diagnosis
Yes	30 (10)	95.28	98.13	124.38	117.57	82.98
No	268(89.6)	155.57	155.25	152.31	153.07	156.95
p value		0.000^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.000^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.080	0.031^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.000^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;

Behaviors and habits that influence health status	n(%)	Physical	Psychological	Social relations	Environment	General ±QoL
Behaviors and habits that influence health status	n(%)	Mean ranks
Smoking
Yes	51(17.5)	150.13	148.17	147.78	143.46	153.45
No	248(82.9)	149.97	150.38	150.46	151.34	149.29
p value		0.991	0.866	0.835	0.551	0.740
Sought health service
Yes	182(60.8)	141.27	141.30	146.79	150.00	143.37
No	117(39.1)	163.59	163.53	155.00	150.00	160.32
p value		0.028^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.028^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.405	0.999	0.079
Medication use
Yes	25(8.4)	99.02	122.22	140.10	135.36	97.96
No	273(91.3)	154.12	152.00	150.36	150.79	154.22
p value		0.002^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.094	0.553	0.389	0.001^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;
Alcohol dependence
Yes	44(14.7)	124.24	127.08	111.42	121.93	129.43
No	255(85.3)	154.45	153.95	156.66	154.84	153.55
p value		0.031^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.054	0.001^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.019^* * Mann-Whitney test, with p<0.05;	0.070
Health service used
Public	88(48.3)	90.81	93.26	88.11	82.73	91.49
Private	88(48.3)	86.19	83.74	88.89	94.27	85.51
Valor de p		0.543	0.210	0.917	0.131	0.410
Health service level
Primary	40(21.9)	105.26	103.38	92.30	91.43	104.76
Secondary	77(42.3)	83.75	81.50	89.71	81.49	82.51
Tertiary	63(34.6)	89.37	93.33	90.32	100.93	91.21
p value		0.099	0.080	0.965	0.087	0.069
Physical activity level^ Kruskal-Wallis test, with p<0.05; Dunn’s post-hoc test, with p<0.05; (a) ‘inactive’ ≠ ‘insufficiently active’; (b) ‘inactive’ ≠ ‘active’; (c) ‘inactive’ ≠ ‘very active’; ± quality of life.
Very active	43(14.4)	162.13	155.91	161.22	157.27	149.42
Active	87(29.1)	157.91	157.39	151.86	158.41	165.26
Insufficiently active	79(26.4)	167.22	162.32	165.84	151.04	151.60
Inactive	89(29.8)	119.46	127.31	127.02	135.67	132.27
p value		0.001^(a.b.c)	0.032^(a)	0.014^(a)	0.303	0.062

WHOQOL-bref	Variables	Estimate	Standard error	Z statistics	p value
General quality of life	Intercept	78.90	1.84	42.83	<0.001
	Sought health service - Yes	0.03	1.52	0.02	0.982
	Medication use - Yes	-1.79	3.42	-0.52	0.602
	Morbidity complaint - Yes	-2.62	1.68	-1.56	0.121
	Morbidity diagnosis - Yes	-9.86	3.22	-3.06	0.002^* * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).
	Alcohol dependence - Yes	-3.09	1.98	-1.56	0.120
	Cardiovascular risk - Yes	-0.67	1.50	-0.45	0.656
Physical domain	Intercept	87.34	1.22	71.63	<0.001
	Pesticide handling - Yes	-0.79	1.09	-0.72	0.470
	Occupational accident - Yes	-5.34	1.50	-3.57	*<0.001^ * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).**
	Noise exposure - Yes	-1.48	1.22	-1.22	0.225
	Dust exposure - Yes	-0.20	1.13	-0.18	0.857
	Sought health service - Yes	0.34	1.20	0.29	0.775
	Medication use - Yes	-3.01	2.63	-1.14	0.254
	Absenteeism - Yes	-3.02	1.28	-2.35	0.019^* * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).
	Morbidity complaint - Yes	-0.76	1.20	-0.64	0.525
	Morbidity diagnosis - Yes	-4.31	2.44	-1.77	0.078
	Activity level - Active	3.45	1.61	2.14	0.033 ^* * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).
	Alcohol dependence - Yes	-2.93	1.39	-2.12	0.035^* * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).
Psychological domain	Intercept	80.19	1.37	58.40	<0.001
	Acute intoxication - Yes	-2.03	3.65	-0.56	0.579
	Occupational accident - Yes	-3.40	1.98	-1.72	0.087
	Dust exposure - Yes	-0.99	1.32	-0.75	0.455
	Sought health service - Yes	-0.97	2.55	-0.38	0.703
	Medication use - Yes	0.97	6.86	0.14	0.887
	Absenteeism - Yes	0.60	1.70	0.35	0.724
	Morbidity complaint - Yes	-0.23	1.32	-0.17	0.862
	Morbidity diagnosis - Yes	-5.72	5.66	-1.01	0.313
	Activity level - Active	4.69	1.34	3.48	*<0.001 ^ * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).**
	Alcohol dependence - Yes	-1.83	2.64	-0.70	0.487
Social relations domain	Intercept	75.64	1.09	69.50	<0.001
	Sun exposure - Yes	3.08	1.33	2.32	0.021^* * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).
	Morbidity diagnosis - Yes	-3.60	1.98	-1.82	0.069
	Alcohol dependence - Yes	-5.58	1.84	-3.04	0.003^* * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).
	Physical activity level - Active	2.10	1.65	1.27	0.203
Environment domain	Intercept	74.54	1.97	37.76	<0.001
	Occupational accident - Yes	-3.22	1.94	-1.66	0.098
	Sunscreen use - Yes	-1.01	1.42	-0.71	0.480
	Noise exposure - Yes	-2.15	1.51	-1.42	0.156
	Morbidity complaint - Yes	-2.46	1.57	-1.57	0.117
	Morbidity diagnosis - Yes	-4.04	2.30	-1.76	0.080
	Alcohol dependence - Yes	-4.49	1.95	-2.30	0.022^* * Significant variable at 5% significance (the same as 95% confidence).

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[1] Corresponding author: Jeane Cristina Anschau Xavier de Oliveira E-mail: jeane.anschau@hotmail.com