Altered Touch Perception | p value* * Bivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. **Reference. | PR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Gender | ||||
Male | 31 (40.8%) | 45 (59.2%) | 0.180 | 1.00 |
Female | 74 (50.0%) | 74 (50.0%) | 0.84 [0.66; 1.08] | |
Schooling | ||||
Illiterate | 6 (27.3%) | 16 (72.7%) | - | 1.00 |
Primary | 50 (40.0%) | 75 (60.0%) | 0.199 | 0.83 [0.61; 1.11] |
Secondary | 34 (59.6%) | 23 (40.4%) | 0.005 | 0.55 [0.37; 0.83] |
Higher | 15 (75.5%) | 5 (25.0%) | 0.009 | 0.34 [0.15; 0.77] |
Age | ||||
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 43.9 ± 19.8 | 59.8 ± 13.4 | < 0.001 | 1.03 [1.02; 1.03] |
Median (minimum - maximum) | 47.0 (8 - 91) | 62.0 (22 - 88) | ||
Body mass index | ||||
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 27.3 ± 5.6 | 29.7 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 | 1.03 [1.01; 1.05] |
Median (minimum - maximum) | 27.0 (15.1 - 46.3) | 28.8 (18.1 - 50.3) | ||
Abdominal circumference | ||||
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 92.9 ± 15.4 | 101.0 ± 12.4 | < 0.001 | 1.02 [1.01; 1.03] |
Median (minimum - maximum) | 95.0 (56 - 148) | 99 (70 - 148) | ||
Systolic blood pressure | ||||
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 125.8 ± 21.5 | 135.9 ± 24.3 | < 0.001 | 1.01 [1.00; 1.01] |
Median (minimum - maximum) | 120 (80 - 200) | 130 (90 - 220) | ||
Systemic arterial hypertension | ||||
No | 53 (60.9%) | 34 (39.1%) | 0.002 | 1.00 |
Yes | 52 (38.0%) | 85 (62.0%) | 1.59 [1.18; 2.13] | |
Smoking | ||||
Never smoker | 69 (53.1%) | 61 (46.9%) | 0.027 | 1.00 |
Smoker / ex-smoker | 36 (38.3%) | 58 (61.7%) | 1.31 [1.03; 1.68] | |
Type of diabetes | ||||
Type 1 | 36 (80.0%) | 9 (20.0%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Type 2 | 69 (38.5%) | 110 (61.5%) | 3.07 [1.69; 5.58] | |
Diagnostic time | ||||
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 9.0 ± 7.6 | 12.8 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 | 1.02 [1.01; 1.04] |
Median (minimum - maximum) | 8.0 (0 - 46) | 10.0 (0 - 45) | ||
Glycated hemoglobin | ||||
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 0.031 | 1.92 [1.85; 1.99] |
Median (minimum - maximum) | 8.4 (5.5 - 12.2) | 8.4 (5.1 - 15.8) | ||
Diabetes complications | ||||
No | 85 (53.5%) | 74 (46.5%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 20 (30.8%) | 45 (69.2%) | 1.49 [1.18; 1.88] |
Altered Touch Perception | p value* * Bivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. | PR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
injured feet without noticing | ||||
No | 99 (52.7%) | 89 (47.3%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 6 (16.7%) | 30 (83.3%) | 1.76 [1.43; 2.17] | |
Previous ulcer | ||||
No | 97 (52.4%) | 88 (47.6%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 8 (20.5%) | 31 (79.5%) | 1.67 [1.34; 2.08] | |
Prayer sign | ||||
No | 74 (54.8%) | 61 (45.2%) | 0.003 | 1.00 |
Yes | 31 (34.8%) | 58 (65.2%) | 1.44 [1.13; 1.83] | |
Numbness | ||||
No | 63 (54.8%) | 52 (45.2%) | 0.016 | 1.00 |
Yes | 42 (38.5%) | 67 (61.5%) | 1.36 [1.06; 1.75] | |
Burning sensation | ||||
No | 79 (56.0%) | 62 (44.0%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 26 (31.3%) | 57 (68.7%) | 1.56 [1.23; 1.98] | |
Fatigue | ||||
No | 55 (57.3%) | 41 (42.7%) | 0.010 | 1.00 |
Yes | 50 (39.1%) | 78 (60.9%) | 1.43 [1.09; 1.87] | |
Claudication | ||||
No | 77 (52.4%) | 70 (47.6%) | 0.018 | 1.00 |
Yes | 28 (36.4%) | 49 (63.6%) | 1.34 [1.05; 1.70] | |
Loss of motor strength | ||||
No | 84 (51.2%) | 80 (48.8%) | 0.021 | 1.00 |
Yes | 21 (35.0%) | 39 (65.0%) | 1.33 [1.04; 1.70] | |
Dry skin | ||||
No | 25 (83.3%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.002 | 1.00 |
Yes | 80 (41.2%) | 114 (58.8%) | 3.53 [1.57; 7.93] | |
Cracks and fissures | ||||
No | 53 (69.7%) | 23 (30.3%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 52 (35.1%) | 96 (64.9%) | 2.14 [1.49; 3.08] | |
Interdigital mycosis | ||||
No | 93 (51.1%) | 89 (48.9%) | 0.002 | 1.00 |
Yes | 12 (28.6%) | 30 (71.4%) | 1.46 [1.15; 1.86] | |
Nail fungus | ||||
No | 60 (66.7%) | 30 (33.3%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 45 (33.6%) | 89 (66.4%) | 1.99 [1.45; 2.73] | |
Absent hair | ||||
No | 79 (52.7%) | 71 (47.3%) | 0.010 | 1.00 |
Yes | 26 (35.1%) | 48 (64.9%) | 1.37 [1.08; 1.74] |
Altered Touch Perception | p value* * Bivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. | PR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Cyanosis | ||||
No | 95 (51.4%) | 90 (48.6%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 10 (25.6%) | 29 (74.4%) | 1.53 [1.21; 1.94] | |
Calluses | ||||
No | 65 (65.7%) | 34 (34.3%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Proprioception loss | ||||
No | 87 (52.7%) | 78 (47.3%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 18 (30.5%) | 41 (69.5%) | 1.47 [1.16; 1.86] | |
Subcutaneous hemorrhage | ||||
No | 103 (49.0%) | 107 (51.0%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2 (14.3%) | 12 (85.7%) | 1.68 [1.31; 2.16] | |
Claw toes | ||||
No | 95 (50.0%) | 95 (50.0%) | 0.009 | 1.00 |
Yes | 10 (29.4%) | 24 (70.6%) | 1.41 [1.09; 1.83] | |
Charcot foot | ||||
No | 105 (47.9%) | 114 (52.1%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (100.0%) | 1.92 [1.69; 2.18] | |
Overlapping toes | ||||
No | 83 (51.6%) | 78 (48.4%) | 0.017 | 1.00 |
Yes | 22 (34.9%) | 41 (65.1%) | 1.34 [1.05; 1.71] | |
Hammer toes | ||||
No | 95 (52.2%) | 87 (47.8%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 10 (23.8%) | 32 (76.2%) | 1.59 [1.27; 2.00] | |
Right foot posterior tibial pulse | ||||
No | 6 (22.2%) | 21 (77.8%) | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 99 (50.3%) | 98 (49.7%) | 0.64 [0.50; 0.82] | |
Left foot posterior tibial pulse | ||||
No | 7 (28.0%) | 18 (72.0%) | 0.015 | 1.00 |
Yes | 98 (49.2%) | 101 (50.8%) | 0.70 [0.53; 0.93] |
p value* * Multivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval p value Statistics Deviance = 0.999. | PR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 0.019 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.77 [0.62; 0.96] | |
Type of diabetes | ||
Type 1 | 0.002 | 1.00 |
Type 2 | 2.36 [1.37; 4.06] | |
Previous ulcer | ||
No | < 0.001 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.43 [1.15; 1.77] | |
Burning sensation | ||
No | 0.003 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.39 [1.12; 1.74] | |
Cracks and fissures | ||
No | 0.017 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.56 [1.08; 2.25] | |
Calluses | ||
No | 0.033 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.39 [1.03; 1.87] | |
Chacort Foot | ||
No | 0.019 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.66 [1.09; 2.53] |