Desnutrición y factores asociados en estudiantes de primaria en Lokossa, Benin: un estudio transversal

Sagbo, Herbert; Barreto, Sandhi Maria; Costa, Aline Bárbara Pereira; Mendes, Larissa Loures; Khanafer, Nagham; Giatti, Luana

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Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 75 (03) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0254 copiar

Desnutrición y factores asociados en estudiantes de primaria en Lokossa, Benin: un estudio transversal

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivos:

estimar la prevalencia de baja estatura y delgadez en estudiantes de Lokossa-Benin y factores sociodemográficos, domésticos, familiares, dietéticos y escolares asociados.

Métodos:

encuesta en una muestra probabilística (n=615) de escolares de 8 a 17 años mediante cuestionario estructurado y recordatorio de 24 horas. La baja estatura y la delgadez se definieron como la talla para la edad y el índice de masa corporal para la edad inferior a-2 desviaciones estándar, respectivamente. Las asociaciones se estimaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística.

Resultados:

las prevalencias de delgadez y baja estatura fueron 13,1% (IC95%:9,0-18,7) y 25,5% (IC95%:20,6-31,2). Las probabilidades de estar delgadas eran más altas entre los estudiantes mayores que informaron tener hambre en la escuela. Las posibilidades de estatura baja aumentaron con la edad, la diversidad dietética baja, y los informes sobre el hambre en la escuela y los almuerzos escolares cinco días a la semana (OR:2,09; IC95%:1,29-3,36).

Conclusiones:

la baja estatura fue el problema más común y los estudiantes mayores, con privación de alimentos o baja diversidad alimentaria fueron los más afectados.

Descriptores:
Desnutrición; Factores de Riesgo; Niño; Adolescente; Benin

Variables	Total (n=612) %	Prevalence
Variables	Total (n=612) %	Thinness (n=612) % (95% CI)	p value	Stunting (n=612) % (95% CI)	p value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Sex			0.845		0.001
Male	55.6	12.9 (8.4 - 19.3)		31.3 (24.9 - 38.5)
Female	44.4	13.4 (8.7 - 20.0)		18.3 (13.0 - 25.0)
Age			0.06		0.001
8-10 years	27.7	9.7 (4.0 - 22.0)		6.7 (3.4 - 12.7)
11-12 years	42.7	10.0 (5.0 - 18.9)		31.0 (25.0 - 37.7)
13-14 years	24.8	20.7 (15.7 - 26.9)		35.5 (26.3 - 45.8)
≥15 years	4.8	20.8 (12.0 - 33.5)		34.0 (23.5 - 46.5)
Household and family context
Maternal education			0.182		0.261
Noneducated	42.2	16.2 (11.7 - 21.9)		26.7 (2.9 - 33.4)
Primary	28.2	11.7 (6.2 - 21.0)		28.1 (19.3 - 38.9)
Secondary	17.6	9.3 (4.6 - 17.7)		22.6 (16.0 - 30.9)
University	3.9	10.5 (5.7 - 18.4)		10.5 (5.7 - 18.4)
No information	8.1	11.3 (5.9 - 20.6)		24.0 (14.2 - 37.6)
Paternal education			0.398		0.188
Noneducated	12.7	10.4 (5.2 - 19.7)		29.6 (20.4 - 40.7)
Primary	26.2	17.3 (11.1 - 26.1)		28.9 (21.3 - 37.8)
Secondary	36.9	11.9 (7.3 - 18.7)		26.6 (20.1 - 34.3)
University	16.8	10.9 (5.0 - 22.1)		14.5 (7.2 - 26.7)
No information	7.4	10.1(4.6 - 20.6)		23.4 (10.8 - 43.7)
Mother’s occupation(n =606)			0.469		0.029
Employed	90.9	12.8 (8.8 - 18.2)		24.0 (19.6 - 29.1)
Unemployed	9.1	16.6 (7.1 - 34.0)		40.5 (25.2 - 57.9)
Father’s occupation (n=592)			0.384		0.020
Employed	99.5	12.9 (8.9 - 18.5)		25.5 (20.3 - 31.6)
Unemployed	0.5	24.2 (5.2 - 64.9)		78.8 (24.0 - 97.7)
Household socioeconomic status (n=590)			0.191		0.037
High	38.9	10.9 (7.6 - 15.5)		20.4 (14.7 - 27.6)
Medium	24.9	10.4 (3.8 - 25.4)		22.5 (16.2 - 30.4)
Low	36.2	17.2 (11.8 - 24.2)		31.9 (23.9 - 41.2)
Living with parents (n=606)			0.397		0.634
Both	74.3	11.9 (7.3 - 18.9)		24.5 (19.1 - 30.9)
Mother only	10.4	17.2 (8.5 - 31.6)		31.7 (19.8 - 46.7)
Father only	5.2	20.3 (11.0 - 34.3)		23.7 (12.5 - 40.5)
Others	10.1	13.5 (7.7 - 22.5)		10.2 (15.3 - 37.5)
Family size (n=609)			0.622		0.949
2-7	58.1	12.2 (6.5 - 21.8)		25.3 (18.9 - 32.9)
≥8	41.9	14.2 (10.7 - 18.5)		25.6 (19.8 - 32.3)
Household location			0.968		0.031
Urban	61.9	13.2 (7.4 - 22.3)		20.8 (14.6 - 28.7)
Rural	38.1	12.9 (9.2 - 17.9)		33.2 (25.1 - 42.4)
Dietary diversity (n=603)			0.113		0.531
High	41.7	15.8 (9.5 - 25.1)		24.2 (18.1 - 31.5)
Medium	34.4	8.9 (5.3 - 14.6)		26.4 (20.1 - 33.8)
Low	23.9	20.4 (11.6 - 33.3)		31.2 (18.4 - 47.5)
Breakfast (n=610)			0.288		0.453
>5 days	42.4	15.5 (8.2 - 27.5)		23.2 (15.8 - 32.6)
<5 days	57.6	11.2 (8.1 - 15.2)		27.2 (21.1 - 34.3)
Experiencing hunger at home			0.727		0.030
Never	64.9	12.1 (7.2 - 19.6)		24.6 (19.3 - 30.1)
Rarely	18.7	13.5 (8.9 - 20.1)		25.0 (16.3 - 36.4)
Sometimes	11.2	16.7 (8.6 - 29.7)		27.9 (9.6 - 58.4)
Many times/always	5.2	15.6 (6.5 - 32.8)		33.9 (18.9 - 53.1)
Experiencing hunger at school			0.015		0.075
Never	65.7	12.3 (8.4 - 17.7)		22.3 (18.2 - 26.9)
Rarely	15.3	15.7 (8.2 - 27.9)		30.6 (18.5 - 46.2)
Sometimes	13.1	6.6 (2.6 - 16.1)		26.5 (18.4 - 36.5)
Many times/always	5.9	28.7 (17.4 - 43.6)		46.2 (23.1 - 71.0)
School-related characteristics
School type			0.462		0.450
Public	69.8	11.9 (8.5 - 16.5)		26.9 (20.3 - 34.7)
Private	30.2	15.8 (7.6 - 28.9)		22.3 (14.1 - 33.5)
School meal			0.049		0.001
< 5 days a week	93.6	12.5 (8.6 - 17.8)		24.0 (18.9 - 29.9)
5 days a week	6.4	13.2 (9.1 - 18.9)		25.4 (20.3 - 31.2)

Variables	Thinness		Stunting
	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Sex
Male	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Female	0.97 (0.59 - 1.57)	0.71 (0.43 - 1.15)	0.52 (0.36 - 0.74)^* * p≤0.05;	0.72 (0.44 - 1.19)
Age
8-10 years	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
11-12 years	1.22 (0.57 - 2.63)	1.23 (0.57 - 2.64)	5.27 (2.75 - 10.09)^ p≤0.001.	5.00 (2.64 - 9.48)^ p≤0.001.
13-14 years	3.53 (1.57 - 7.94)^* * p≤0.05;	3.54 (1.57 - 8.03)^* * p≤0.05;	6.42 (3.09 - 13.32)^ p≤0.001.	6.09 (2.97 - 12.48)^ p≤0.001.
≥15 years	3.22 (1.18 - 9.29)^* * p≤0.05;	3.23 (1.08 - 9.61)^* * p≤0.05;	7.25 (3.84 - 13.68)^ p≤0.001.	6.75 (3.69 - 12.37)^ p≤0.001.
Maternal education
Noneducated	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Primary	0.79 (0.51 - 1.22)	0.79 (0.51 - 1.22)	1.13 (0.81 - 1.57)	1.14 (0.82 - 1.58)
Secondary	0.80 (0.33 - 1.93)	0.80 (0.33 - 1.92)	1.05 (0.68 - 1.62)	1.07 (0.70 - 1.64)
University	0.64 (0.30 - 1.35)	0.64 (0.30 - 1.35)	0.37 (0.20 - 0.67)	0.36 (0.18 - 0.70)^* * p≤0.05;
No information	0.92 (0.52 - 1.62)	0.97 (0.59 - 1.59)	0.86 (0.46 - 1.61)	0.94 (0.48 - 1.81)
Paternal education
Noneducated	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Primary	1.38 (0.58 - 3.29)	1.38 (0.58 - 3.29)	1.08 (0.65 - 1.76)	1.08 (0.65 - 1.76)
Secondary	1.10 (0.51 - 2.35)	1.10 (0.51 - 2.37)	1.11 (0.70 - 1.72)	1.11 (0.70 - 1.72)
University	1.01 (0.38 - 2.67)	1.02(0.39 - 2.65)	0.60 (0.29 - 1.24)	0.60 (0.29 - 1.24)
No information	1.05 (0.39 - 2.78)	1.05 (0.38 - 2.88)	0.84 (0.38 - 1.83)	0.84 (0.38 - 1.83)
Mother’s occupation
Employed	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Unemployed	1.20 (0.50 - 2.89)	1.20 (0.50 - 2.90)	1.73 (0.86 - 3.50)	1.68 (0.82 - 3.45)
Father’s occupation
Employed	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Unemployed	2.07 (0.35 - 12.19)	2.07 (0.35 - 12.22)	8.39 (0.48 - 144.40)	8.95 (0.63 - 127.04)
Household socioeconomic status
High	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium	0.77 (0.34 - 1.73)	0.77 (0.34 - 1.73)	1.11 (0.67 - 1.82)	1.11 (0.70 - 1.78)
Low	1.52 (0.97 - 2.36)	1.52 (0.98 - 2.36)	1.57 (1.00 - 2.49)^* * p≤0.05;	1.52 (0.97 - 2.38)
Living with parents
Both	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Mother only	1.40 (0.79 - 2.47)	1.40 (0.79 - 2.47)	1.29 (0.74 - 2.25)	1.34 (0.74 - 2.40)
Father only	2.05 (0.90 - 4.63)	2.05 (0.91 - 4.61)	0.89 (0.44 - 1.80)	0.86 (0.41 - 1.79)
Others	0.88 (0.36 - 2.13)	0.98 (0.60 - 1.59)	0.88 (0.45 - 1.71)	0.83 (0.42 - 1.62)
Family size
2-7	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
≥8	1.29 (0.81 - 2.06)	1.29 (0.81 - 2.06)	0.92 (0.68 - 1.25)	0.95 (0.70 - 1.30)
Household location
Urban	1.00	1.00	1.00
Rural	0.92 (0.55 - 1.54)	0.92 (0.55 - 1.54)	1.83 (1.02 - 3.27)^* * p≤0.05;	1.70 (0.96 - 3.02)
Dietary diversity
High	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium	0.65 (0.33 - 1.26)	0.65 (0.33 - 1.26)	1.31 (0.81 - 2.12)	1.34 (0.84 - 2.13)
Low	1.66 (0.90 - 3.06)	1.66 (0.90 - 3.06)	1.75 (1.03 - 2.97)^* * p≤0.05;	1.79 (1.07 - 2.98)^* * p≤0.05;
Breakfast
>5 days	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
<5 days	0.76 (0.44 - 1.30)	0.76 (0.44 - 1.30)	1.29 (0.78 - 1.86)	1.18 (0.77 - 1.82)
Experiencing hunger at home
Never	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Rarely	1.21 (0.63 - 2.29)	1.20 (0.62 - 2.32)	0.90 (0.52 - 1.54)	0.85 (0.48 - 1.49)
Sometimes	1.48 (0.77 - 2.81)	1.47 (0.77 - 2.81)	0.81 (0.32 - 2.05)	0.82 (0.33 - 2.03)
Many times/always	0.83 (0.28 - 2.46)	0.83 (0.28 - 2.47)	1.44 (0.70 - 2.95)	1.39 (0.63 - 3.06)
Experiencing hunger at home
Never	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Rarely	1.18 (0.66 - 2.09)	1.17 (0.66 - 2.08)	1.44 (0.86 - 2.42)	1.38 (0.83 - 2.32)
Sometimes	0.55 (0.24 - 1.28)	0.55 (0.23 - 1.31)	1.34 (0.93 - 1.91)	1.27 (0.89 - 1.80)
Many times/always	2.68 (1.19 - 6.03)^* * p≤0.05;	2.68 (1.19 - 6.04)^* * p≤0.05;	2.82(1.30 - 6.11)^* * p≤0.05;	2.85 (1.32 - 6.17)^* * p≤0.05;
School type
Public	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Private	1.13 (0.52 - 2.43)	1.14 (0.53 - 2.44)	0.51 (0.23 - 1.09)	0.58 (0.28 - 1.16)
School meal
< 5 days a week	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
5 days a week	1.30 (0.62 - 2.71)	1.30 (0.62 - 2.73)	2.30 (1.49 - 3.57)^* * p≤0.05;	2.09 (1.29 - 3.36)^* * p≤0.05;

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[1] Corresponding author: Herbert Sagbo E-mail: sagboherbert@gmail.com