Indications Prevent devices from being lost or misplaced(77 Van der Kooi AW, Peelen LM, Raijmakers RJ, Vroegop RL, Bakker DF, Tekatli H, et al. Use of physical restraints in Dutch intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2015[cited 2020 Sep 30];24(6):488-95. Available from: http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.4037/ajcc2015348 http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10....
8 Benbenbishty J, Adam S, Endacott R. Physical restraint use in intensive care units across Europe: the PRICE study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(5):241-5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964339710000686 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
-99 Lin YL, Liao CC, Yu WP, Chu TL, Ho LH. A multidisciplinary program reduces over 24 hours of physical restraint in neurological intensive care unit. J Nurs Res. 2018;26(4):288-96. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000251 https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
,1212 Luk E, Burry L, Rezaie S, Mehta S, Rose L. Critical care nurses' decisions regarding physical restraints in two Canadian ICUs: a prospective observational study. Can J Crit care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(4):16-22. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837...
13 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
-1414 Choi E, Song M. Physical restraint use in a Korean ICU. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2003[cited 2020 Sep 30];12(5):651-9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00789.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702...
,1616 Turgay AS, Sari D, Genc RE. Physical restraint use in Turkish intensive care units. Clin Nurse Spec [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 Sep 30];23(2):68-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199125c https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199...
-1717 Perren A, Corbella D, Iapichino E, Di Bernardo V, Leonardi A, Di Nicolantonio R, et al. Physical restraint in the ICU: does it prevent device removal? Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2015 [2020 Sep 30];81(10):1086-95. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338...
,1919 Vance DL. Effect of a treatment interference protocol on clinical decision making for restraint use in the intensive care unit: a pilot study. AACN Clin Issues [Internet]. 2003 Feb; 14(1):82-91. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574706 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574...
20 Yönt GH, Korhan EA, Dizer B, Gümüs F, Koyuncu R. Examination of ethical dilemmas experienced by adult intensive care unit nurses in physical restraint practices. Holist NursPract. 2014;28(2):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000013 https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.000000000000...
21 Gu T, Wang X, Deng N, Weng W. Investigating influencing factors of physical restraint use in China intensive care units: a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Aust Crit Care [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 30];32(3):193-8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1036731417303971 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
-2222 Martin B, Mathisen L. Use of physical restraints in adult critical care: a bicultural study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Sep 30];14(2):133-42. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728955 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728...
,2525 Hevener S, Rickabaugh B, Marsh T. Using a decision wheel to reduce use of restraints in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 30];25(6):479-86. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802948 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802...
) (adverse events), ensure continuity of treatment(1111 Lynn LL, Brookes JM. Changing perceptions of physical restraint use in the ICU. Nurs Crit Care. 2017;12(6):41-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCN.0000521939.91085.6f https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCN.000052193...
,1919 Vance DL. Effect of a treatment interference protocol on clinical decision making for restraint use in the intensive care unit: a pilot study. AACN Clin Issues [Internet]. 2003 Feb; 14(1):82-91. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574706 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574...
,2323 Guenette M, Burry L, Cheung A, Farquharson T, Traille M, Mantas I, et al. Psychotropic drug use in physically restrained, critically ill adults receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care. 2017;26(5):380-7. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2017677 https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2017677...
,2525 Hevener S, Rickabaugh B, Marsh T. Using a decision wheel to reduce use of restraints in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 30];25(6):479-86. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802948 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802...
), altered level of consciousness (agitation, restlessness, disorientation, confusion, aggressiveness, comatose, drowsiness(77 Van der Kooi AW, Peelen LM, Raijmakers RJ, Vroegop RL, Bakker DF, Tekatli H, et al. Use of physical restraints in Dutch intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2015[cited 2020 Sep 30];24(6):488-95. Available from: http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.4037/ajcc2015348 http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10....
8 Benbenbishty J, Adam S, Endacott R. Physical restraint use in intensive care units across Europe: the PRICE study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(5):241-5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964339710000686 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
-99 Lin YL, Liao CC, Yu WP, Chu TL, Ho LH. A multidisciplinary program reduces over 24 hours of physical restraint in neurological intensive care unit. J Nurs Res. 2018;26(4):288-96. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000251 https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
,1212 Luk E, Burry L, Rezaie S, Mehta S, Rose L. Critical care nurses' decisions regarding physical restraints in two Canadian ICUs: a prospective observational study. Can J Crit care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(4):16-22. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837...
,1414 Choi E, Song M. Physical restraint use in a Korean ICU. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2003[cited 2020 Sep 30];12(5):651-9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00789.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702...
,1616 Turgay AS, Sari D, Genc RE. Physical restraint use in Turkish intensive care units. Clin Nurse Spec [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 Sep 30];23(2):68-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199125c https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199...
17 Perren A, Corbella D, Iapichino E, Di Bernardo V, Leonardi A, Di Nicolantonio R, et al. Physical restraint in the ICU: does it prevent device removal? Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2015 [2020 Sep 30];81(10):1086-95. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338...
-1818 De Jonghe B, Constantin JM, Chanques G, Capdevila X, Lefrant JY, Outin H, et al. Physical restraint in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a survey of French practice. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];39(1):31-7. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-012-2715-9 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-...
,2222 Martin B, Mathisen L. Use of physical restraints in adult critical care: a bicultural study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Sep 30];14(2):133-42. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728955 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728...
-2323 Guenette M, Burry L, Cheung A, Farquharson T, Traille M, Mantas I, et al. Psychotropic drug use in physically restrained, critically ill adults receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care. 2017;26(5):380-7. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2017677 https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2017677...
), keep the team safe(77 Van der Kooi AW, Peelen LM, Raijmakers RJ, Vroegop RL, Bakker DF, Tekatli H, et al. Use of physical restraints in Dutch intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2015[cited 2020 Sep 30];24(6):488-95. Available from: http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.4037/ajcc2015348 http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10....
), maintain the safety of other patients, maintain patient safety(77 Van der Kooi AW, Peelen LM, Raijmakers RJ, Vroegop RL, Bakker DF, Tekatli H, et al. Use of physical restraints in Dutch intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2015[cited 2020 Sep 30];24(6):488-95. Available from: http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.4037/ajcc2015348 http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10....
-88 Benbenbishty J, Adam S, Endacott R. Physical restraint use in intensive care units across Europe: the PRICE study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(5):241-5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964339710000686 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,1010 Hall DK, Zimbro KS, Maduro RS, Petrovitch D, Ver Schneider P, Morgan M. Impact of a restraint management bundle on restraint use in an intensive care unit. J Nurs Care Qual [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 30];33(2):143-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658...
11 Lynn LL, Brookes JM. Changing perceptions of physical restraint use in the ICU. Nurs Crit Care. 2017;12(6):41-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCN.0000521939.91085.6f https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCN.000052193...
12 Luk E, Burry L, Rezaie S, Mehta S, Rose L. Critical care nurses' decisions regarding physical restraints in two Canadian ICUs: a prospective observational study. Can J Crit care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(4):16-22. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837...
-1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
14 Choi E, Song M. Physical restraint use in a Korean ICU. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2003[cited 2020 Sep 30];12(5):651-9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00789.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702...
15 Johnson K, Curry V, Steubing A, Diana S, McCray A, McFarren A, et al. A non-pharmacologic approach to decrease restraint use. Intensive Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 30];34:12-9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26652790 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26652...
16 Turgay AS, Sari D, Genc RE. Physical restraint use in Turkish intensive care units. Clin Nurse Spec [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 Sep 30];23(2):68-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199125c https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199...
17 Perren A, Corbella D, Iapichino E, Di Bernardo V, Leonardi A, Di Nicolantonio R, et al. Physical restraint in the ICU: does it prevent device removal? Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2015 [2020 Sep 30];81(10):1086-95. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338...
18 De Jonghe B, Constantin JM, Chanques G, Capdevila X, Lefrant JY, Outin H, et al. Physical restraint in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a survey of French practice. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];39(1):31-7. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-012-2715-9 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-...
19 Vance DL. Effect of a treatment interference protocol on clinical decision making for restraint use in the intensive care unit: a pilot study. AACN Clin Issues [Internet]. 2003 Feb; 14(1):82-91. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574706 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574...
-2020 Yönt GH, Korhan EA, Dizer B, Gümüs F, Koyuncu R. Examination of ethical dilemmas experienced by adult intensive care unit nurses in physical restraint practices. Holist NursPract. 2014;28(2):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000013 https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.000000000000...
), delirium(77 Van der Kooi AW, Peelen LM, Raijmakers RJ, Vroegop RL, Bakker DF, Tekatli H, et al. Use of physical restraints in Dutch intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2015[cited 2020 Sep 30];24(6):488-95. Available from: http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.4037/ajcc2015348 http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10....
-88 Benbenbishty J, Adam S, Endacott R. Physical restraint use in intensive care units across Europe: the PRICE study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(5):241-5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964339710000686 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,1212 Luk E, Burry L, Rezaie S, Mehta S, Rose L. Critical care nurses' decisions regarding physical restraints in two Canadian ICUs: a prospective observational study. Can J Crit care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(4):16-22. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837...
,1717 Perren A, Corbella D, Iapichino E, Di Bernardo V, Leonardi A, Di Nicolantonio R, et al. Physical restraint in the ICU: does it prevent device removal? Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2015 [2020 Sep 30];81(10):1086-95. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338...
,2121 Gu T, Wang X, Deng N, Weng W. Investigating influencing factors of physical restraint use in China intensive care units: a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Aust Crit Care [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 30];32(3):193-8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1036731417303971 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
), patients with impaired verbal communication(99 Lin YL, Liao CC, Yu WP, Chu TL, Ho LH. A multidisciplinary program reduces over 24 hours of physical restraint in neurological intensive care unit. J Nurs Res. 2018;26(4):288-96. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000251 https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
), age above 75 years(2121 Gu T, Wang X, Deng N, Weng W. Investigating influencing factors of physical restraint use in China intensive care units: a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Aust Crit Care [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 30];32(3):193-8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1036731417303971 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
), prevent wound contamination(1111 Lynn LL, Brookes JM. Changing perceptions of physical restraint use in the ICU. Nurs Crit Care. 2017;12(6):41-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCN.0000521939.91085.6f https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCN.000052193...
), insufficient nursing staff(88 Benbenbishty J, Adam S, Endacott R. Physical restraint use in intensive care units across Europe: the PRICE study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(5):241-5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964339710000686 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
), misunderstanding/resistance about the need for care or therapeutic devices(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
), request from more than one staff member, patient, family, or other physicians(1414 Choi E, Song M. Physical restraint use in a Korean ICU. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2003[cited 2020 Sep 30];12(5):651-9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00789.x http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2702...
,1616 Turgay AS, Sari D, Genc RE. Physical restraint use in Turkish intensive care units. Clin Nurse Spec [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 Sep 30];23(2):68-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199125c https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199...
), patient in an isolated room(1212 Luk E, Burry L, Rezaie S, Mehta S, Rose L. Critical care nurses' decisions regarding physical restraints in two Canadian ICUs: a prospective observational study. Can J Crit care Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Sep 30];26(4):16-22. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26837...
), post-anesthesia recovery(99 Lin YL, Liao CC, Yu WP, Chu TL, Ho LH. A multidisciplinary program reduces over 24 hours of physical restraint in neurological intensive care unit. J Nurs Res. 2018;26(4):288-96. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000251 https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.000000000000...
), sedation weaning and insufficient sedation(1717 Perren A, Corbella D, Iapichino E, Di Bernardo V, Leonardi A, Di Nicolantonio R, et al. Physical restraint in the ICU: does it prevent device removal? Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2015 [2020 Sep 30];81(10):1086-95. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338...
-1818 De Jonghe B, Constantin JM, Chanques G, Capdevila X, Lefrant JY, Outin H, et al. Physical restraint in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a survey of French practice. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];39(1):31-7. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-012-2715-9 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-...
), presence of an unstable fracture(77 Van der Kooi AW, Peelen LM, Raijmakers RJ, Vroegop RL, Bakker DF, Tekatli H, et al. Use of physical restraints in Dutch intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2015[cited 2020 Sep 30];24(6):488-95. Available from: http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.4037/ajcc2015348 http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/doi/10....
) and proper patient positioning(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
,2020 Yönt GH, Korhan EA, Dizer B, Gümüs F, Koyuncu R. Examination of ethical dilemmas experienced by adult intensive care unit nurses in physical restraint practices. Holist NursPract. 2014;28(2):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000013 https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.000000000000...
). |
Complications Skin injuries(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
,1616 Turgay AS, Sari D, Genc RE. Physical restraint use in Turkish intensive care units. Clin Nurse Spec [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 Sep 30];23(2):68-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199125c https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e318199...
), hyperemia(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
,2424 Suliman M. Prevalence of physical restraint among ventilated intensive care unit patients. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(19-20):3490-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14588 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14588...
), edema of the restricted limb(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
,2424 Suliman M. Prevalence of physical restraint among ventilated intensive care unit patients. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(19-20):3490-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14588 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14588...
-2525 Hevener S, Rickabaugh B, Marsh T. Using a decision wheel to reduce use of restraints in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 30];25(6):479-86. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802948 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802...
), psychomotor agitation(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
,2222 Martin B, Mathisen L. Use of physical restraints in adult critical care: a bicultural study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Sep 30];14(2):133-42. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728955 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728...
-2323 Guenette M, Burry L, Cheung A, Farquharson T, Traille M, Mantas I, et al. Psychotropic drug use in physically restrained, critically ill adults receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care. 2017;26(5):380-7. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2017677 https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2017677...
), pressure ulcer(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
), bruises on the restricted limb(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
), death(2424 Suliman M. Prevalence of physical restraint among ventilated intensive care unit patients. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(19-20):3490-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14588 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14588...
), skin necrosis in the restricted limb(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
), anxiety(1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
), crying (1313 Kandeel NA, Attia AK. Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt. Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];15(1):79-85. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nhs.12000...
), patient discomfort, perceived loss of dignity(1818 De Jonghe B, Constantin JM, Chanques G, Capdevila X, Lefrant JY, Outin H, et al. Physical restraint in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a survey of French practice. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];39(1):31-7. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-012-2715-9 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-...
), post-traumatic stress disorder(1818 De Jonghe B, Constantin JM, Chanques G, Capdevila X, Lefrant JY, Outin H, et al. Physical restraint in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a survey of French practice. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2013[cited 2020 Sep 30];39(1):31-7. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-012-2715-9 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-...
) and device removal(2222 Martin B, Mathisen L. Use of physical restraints in adult critical care: a bicultural study. Am J Crit Care [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Sep 30];14(2):133-42. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728955 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728...
). |