Degeneration of motor neurons( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
- 88 Ball LJ, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. Communication effectiveness of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Commun Disord[Internet]. 2004[cited 2015 Dec 18];37(3):197-215. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021992403000789
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1313 Ray J. Real-life challenges in using augmentative and alternative communication by persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Commun Disord Q[Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 Mar 12];36(3):187-92. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1525740114545359
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1...
, 1515 Ball LJ, Willis A, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. A protocol for identification of early bulbar signs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci[Internet]. 2001[cited 2016 Apr 04];191(1-2):43-53. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022510X01006232
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1818 Bloch S, Clarke M. Handwriting-in-interaction between people with ALS/MND and their conversation partners. Augment Altern Commun[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Dec 23];29(1):54-67. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/07434618.2013.767497
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Vocal fold hyperadduction( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Tongue paralysis( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
- 88 Ball LJ, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. Communication effectiveness of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Commun Disord[Internet]. 2004[cited 2015 Dec 18];37(3):197-215. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021992403000789
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1515 Ball LJ, Willis A, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. A protocol for identification of early bulbar signs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci[Internet]. 2001[cited 2016 Apr 04];191(1-2):43-53. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022510X01006232
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1818 Bloch S, Clarke M. Handwriting-in-interaction between people with ALS/MND and their conversation partners. Augment Altern Commun[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Dec 23];29(1):54-67. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/07434618.2013.767497
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
19 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
- 2020 Hanson EK, Yorkston KM, Britton D. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of characteristics, speech treatment, and augmentative and alternative communication options. J Med Speech Lang Pathol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Apr 13];19(3):12-30. Available from: https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx?id=8589955557
https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx...
) |
Vocal fold hypoadduction( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Reduced tongue speed( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
- 88 Ball LJ, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. Communication effectiveness of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Commun Disord[Internet]. 2004[cited 2015 Dec 18];37(3):197-215. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021992403000789
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1515 Ball LJ, Willis A, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. A protocol for identification of early bulbar signs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci[Internet]. 2001[cited 2016 Apr 04];191(1-2):43-53. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022510X01006232
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1818 Bloch S, Clarke M. Handwriting-in-interaction between people with ALS/MND and their conversation partners. Augment Altern Commun[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Dec 23];29(1):54-67. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/07434618.2013.767497
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
19 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
- 2020 Hanson EK, Yorkston KM, Britton D. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of characteristics, speech treatment, and augmentative and alternative communication options. J Med Speech Lang Pathol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Apr 13];19(3):12-30. Available from: https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx?id=8589955557
https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx...
) |
Respiratory muscle weakness( 88 Ball LJ, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. Communication effectiveness of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Commun Disord[Internet]. 2004[cited 2015 Dec 18];37(3):197-215. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021992403000789
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Tongue atrophy( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Dyspnea( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 1717 Ferguson JH, Boller F. A different form of "pure agraphia": syntactic writing errors in patients with motor speech and movement disorders. Neurol Neurocir Psiquiatr[Internet]. 1977[cited 2015 Nov 22];4(3):382-89. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/616562
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6165...
) |
Tongue fasciculations( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 1717 Ferguson JH, Boller F. A different form of "pure agraphia": syntactic writing errors in patients with motor speech and movement disorders. Neurol Neurocir Psiquiatr[Internet]. 1977[cited 2015 Nov 22];4(3):382-89. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/616562
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6165...
, 2020 Hanson EK, Yorkston KM, Britton D. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of characteristics, speech treatment, and augmentative and alternative communication options. J Med Speech Lang Pathol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Apr 13];19(3):12-30. Available from: https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx?id=8589955557
https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx...
) |
Tracheostomy( 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Hemifacial spasm( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Sialorrhea( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 2020 Hanson EK, Yorkston KM, Britton D. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of characteristics, speech treatment, and augmentative and alternative communication options. J Med Speech Lang Pathol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Apr 13];19(3):12-30. Available from: https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx?id=8589955557
https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx...
) |
Flaccid facial paralysis( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
, 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
) |
Emotional lability( 1212 Murphy J. Communication strategies of people with ALS and their partners. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord[Internet]. 2004[cited 2016 Feb 28];5(2):121-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15204014
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1520...
, 2020 Hanson EK, Yorkston KM, Britton D. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of characteristics, speech treatment, and augmentative and alternative communication options. J Med Speech Lang Pathol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Apr 13];19(3):12-30. Available from: https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx?id=8589955557
https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx...
) |
Velopharyngeal insufficiency( 77 Kühnlein P, Gdynia H-J, Sperfeld A-D, Lindner-Pfleghar B, Ludolph AC, Prosiegel M, Riecker A. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol[Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Dec 02];4(7):366-74. Available from: https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_treatment_of_bulbar_symptoms_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_Khnlein_et_al__2009.pdf
https://www.rku.de/files/Diagnosis_and_t...
- 88 Ball LJ, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. Communication effectiveness of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Commun Disord[Internet]. 2004[cited 2015 Dec 18];37(3):197-215. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021992403000789
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1515 Ball LJ, Willis A, Beukelman DR, Pattee GL. A protocol for identification of early bulbar signs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci[Internet]. 2001[cited 2016 Apr 04];191(1-2):43-53. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022510X01006232
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, 1919 Tomik B, Guiloff RJ. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler[Internet]. 2010[cited 2016 Feb 12];11(1-2):4-15. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17482960802379004
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3...
- 2020 Hanson EK, Yorkston KM, Britton D. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of characteristics, speech treatment, and augmentative and alternative communication options. J Med Speech Lang Pathol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Apr 13];19(3):12-30. Available from: https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx?id=8589955557
https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx...
) |
Cognitive deficits( 1212 Murphy J. Communication strategies of people with ALS and their partners. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord[Internet]. 2004[cited 2016 Feb 28];5(2):121-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15204014
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1520...
- 1313 Ray J. Real-life challenges in using augmentative and alternative communication by persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Commun Disord Q[Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 Mar 12];36(3):187-92. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1525740114545359
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1...
, 1616 Roberts-South A, Findlater K, Strong MJ, Orange JB. Longitudinal changes in discourse production in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Speech Lang[Internet]. 2012[cited 2015 Nov 15];33(1):79-94. Available from: http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0031-1301165
http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10...
, 2020 Hanson EK, Yorkston KM, Britton D. Dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of characteristics, speech treatment, and augmentative and alternative communication options. J Med Speech Lang Pathol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Apr 13];19(3):12-30. Available from: https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx?id=8589955557
https://www.asha.org/articlesummary.aspx...
) |