E1. Chang KK, 1986(1212 Chang KK, Chow LP, Rider RV. Oral contraceptives and stroke: a preliminary report on an epidemiologic study in Taiwan, China. J Gynaecol. Obstet. 1986; 24:421-30.). |
China |
Case-control. Case: 323 women hospitalized with stroke Hospital control: 250 women without stroke, hospitalized in the same hospital as the cases Neighborhood control: 646 women without stroke |
E2. Hannaford, Croft, Kay, 1994(1313 Hannaford PC, Croft PR, Kay CR. Oral Contraception and Stroke Evidence From the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Stroke. 1994; 5:935-42.). |
United Kingdom |
Case-control Case: 253 women with stroke Control: 759 women without stroke |
E3. Who, 1996(1414 World Health Organization (WHO). Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Ischaemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. Lancet. 1996; 348(9026): 498-505.). |
Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America |
Case-control Case: 697 with stroke Control: 1,962 without stroke |
E4. Who, 1996(1515 World Health Organization (WHO). Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Haemorrhagic stroke, overall stroke risk, and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. Lancet 1996; 348: 505-10.). |
Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America |
Case-control Case: 1068 with stroke Control: 2910 without stroke |
E5. Petitti et al., 1996(1616 Petiti DB, Sidney S, Bernstein A, Wolf SH, Quesenberry C, Ziel HK. Stroke in users of low-dose oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335:8-15.). |
California |
Case-control Case: 295 women with stroke Control: 3 times the number of cases |
E6. Heinemann, et al., 1997(1717 Heinemann LAJ, Lewis MA, Thorogood M, Spitzer WO, GuggenmoosHolzmann I, Bruppacher R. Casecontrol study of oral contraceptives and risk of thromboembolic stroke: results from international study on oral contraceptives and health of young women. BMJ. 1997;3:1502-04.). |
United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland and Austria |
Case-control Case: 220 women with stroke Control: 775 women without stroke |
E7. Heinemann et al., 1998(1818 Heinemann LAJ, Lewis MA, Thorogood M, Spitzer WO, GuggenmoosHolzmann I, Bruppacher R. Thromboembolic Stroke in Young Women: a european case-control study on oral contraceptives. Contraception. 1998;57:29-37.). |
United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland and Austria |
Case-control Case: 220 women with ischemic stroke Control: 775 women |
E8. Mant; Painter; Vessey, 1998(1919 Mant J, Painter R, Vessey M. Risk of myocardial infarction, angina and stroke in users of oral contraceptives: an updated analysis of a cohort study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Aug;105(8):890-6.). |
United Kingdom |
Cohort 17,032 married women between 25 and 39 years old Group that never used COCs: 5,881 women Group that used COCs for eight years or more: 3,520 women Remaining group: 5,891 women |
E9. Lidegaard, O, 1998(2020 Lidegaard O. Thrombotic diseases in young women and the influence of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179(3): S62-7.). |
Denmark |
Case-control Case: 219 with stroke Control: 1041 |
E10. WHO, 1998(2121 World Health Organization. WHO. Collaborative study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. Contraception. 1998; 57:315-24.). |
Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America |
Case-control Case: 3,697 with cerebrovascular disease and 2,196 with stroke Control: 9.997 without stroke |
E11. Schwartz et al., 1998(2222 Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS, Longstreth Jr WT, Sidney S, Raghunathan TE, et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke. 1998;29:2277-84.). |
USA |
Case-control Case: 175 women with ischemic stroke, 198 women with hemorrhagic stroke Control: 1,191 women without stroke |
E12. Kemmeren et al., 2002(2323 Kemmeren JM, Tanis BC, Van den Bosch MAAJ, Bollen ELEM, Helmerhorst FM, Graaf Y, et al. Risk of arterial thrombosis in relation to oral contraceptives (RATIO) Study Stroke. 2002;33(5):1202-08. Available from: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11988591
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlo...
). |
Netherlands |
Case-control Case: 203 women with stroke Control: 925 women without stroke |
E13. Siritho et al., 2003(2424 Siritho S, Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, You RX, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Risk of Ischemic Stroke Among Users of the Oral Contraceptive Pill: The Melbourne Risk actor Study (MERFS) Group. Stroke. 2003;34:1575-80.). |
Melbourne, Austrália |
Case-control Case: 234 women with stroke Control: 234 women without stroke |
E14. Li et al., 2006(2525 Li Y, Zhou L, Coulter D, Gao E, Sun Z, Liu Y, Wang X. Prospective Cohort Study of the association between use of low-dose oral contraceptives and stroke in Chinesewomen. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Oct 02];15:726-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16761299
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1676...
). |
China |
Cohort Case: 44 408 users of hormonal contraceptive (HA) Control: 75,230 intrauterine device users (IUDs) |
E15. Cole et al., 2007(2626 Cole JÁ, Norman H, Doherty M, Walker AM. Venous Thromboembolism, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke Among Transdermal Contraceptive System Users. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2007 feb; 109(2):339-46.). |
USA |
Cohort Transdermal users: 98,790 women COC users: 256,981 women |
E16. Yang et al., 2009(2727 Yang L, Kuper H, Sandin S, Margolis KL, Chen Z, Adami HO. Weiderpass E. Reproductive History, Oral Contraceptive Use, and the Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in a Cohort Study of Middle-Aged Swedish Women. Stroke. 2009;40:1050-58.) . |
Sweden |
Cohort 45,729 women between 30 and 49 years old |
E17. Lidegaard et al., 2012(77 Lidegaard O, Lokkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, Keiding N. Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 Aug 02];366(24):2257-66. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1208930#t=article
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJ...
). |
Denmark |
Cohort 1,626,158 women: 3,311 had a stroke, with 1,051 CM users and 2,260 non-users between 15 and 49 years old |
E18. Ryan et al., 2014(2828 Ryan KA, Cole JW, Saslow K, MitchellB D, McArdle PF, Sparks MJ, Cheng Y, Kittner SJ. Prevention Opportunities for Oral contraceptive-Associated Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 2014;45:893-95.). |
Baltimore, Maryland, USA |
Case-control 572 women between 15 and 49 years old Case: 224 with stroke Control: 348 without stroke |