1
|
Double-check the patient’s identification. |
E21(40) |
2
|
Inform the patient about the procedure and how they can help. |
E7(27), E17(37), E21(40) |
3
|
Inform the family about appropriate care. |
E14(34) |
4
|
Apply informed consent form. |
E7(27), E17(37), E21(40) |
5
|
Check for allergies. |
E7(27), E21(40) |
6
|
Prepare the appropriate materials for inserting the TD: antiseptic solution (we suggest using alcoholic chlorhexidine solution because it is more cost-effective), sterile apron, mask and gloves, sterile drapes, sterile chest tube tray, local anesthetic, needles, syringes, scalpel with blade, curved kelly clamps, chest drain, drainage system, sharps waste, dressing material. |
E17(37), E21(40) |
7
|
Simple hand hygiene with antiseptic. |
E14(34), E21(40), E18AD(10) |
8
|
Position the patient comfortably in bed: with the arm on the side where the drain will be inserted, placed behind the head so as to expose the armpit. The surgeon may ask for a pillow or blanket folded under the patient’s shoulder blades to elevate the chest and facilitate access. |
E4(24), E7(27), E9(29), E21(40) |
9
|
Fill the collection bottle with distilled water or saline solution, leaving the distal end of the stem submerged 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters. |
E9(29), E10AD(30), E11(31), E18AD(10), E21(40) |
10
|
Fill the suction control chamber with water to a level of 20 centimeters of water (cmH2O). |
E9(29) |
11
|
Administer analgesia as prescribed by the doctor. |
E2(22), E7(27) |
12
|
Assist in the procedure by opening the packages with aseptic technique, providing standardized antiseptic. |
E17(37), E21(38) |
13
|
Record the volume of solution added to the collection bottle, as well as the date, time and name of the person responsible for the preparation. |
E9(29), E11(31), E18AD(10), E21(40) |
N°
|
Recommendations when inserting TD
|
Code of studies
|
14
|
Non-drug pain control techniques should be considered. |
E7(27) |
15
|
Reassure the patient and monitor signs of discomfort, assessing the need to administer a new dose of prescribed analgesia and informing the medical team. |
E4(24), E7(27), E21(40) |
16
|
Support the patient during the procedure: advise them on the cold sensation of the germicidal solution and the sensation of pressure when infiltrating the local anesthetic. |
E7(27), E21(40) |
17
|
Observe the patient carefully throughout the procedure, monitoring respiratory function, peripheral oxygen saturation and any hemodynamic changes. |
E4(24), E7(27), E21(40) |
18
|
Connect the drain to the previously filled collection bottle. |
E7(27), E21(40) |
19
|
The connection must be fixed in such a way as to maintain visibility. |
E11(32), E16(36) |
20
|
Connect the drain to suction when indicated and check that the system is working properly. |
E7(27) |
21
|
The patient’s skin around the insertion must be inspected and cleaned with aseptic technique. |
E7(27) |
22
|
Perform occlusive dressing according to the institution’s routine. |
E7(27), E21(40) |
N°
|
Recommendations after inserting TD
|
Code of studies
|
23
|
Monitor vital signs every 2 hours, paying attention to breathing patterns, and assess and control pain using analgesics and non-drug techniques. |
E4(24), E7(27), E9(29), E17(37), E18AD(10), E21(40) |
24
|
Keep the drainage bottle in an upright position below the level of the patient’s chest. |
E1(21), E3(23), E4(24), E7(27), E9(29), E10AD(30), E14(34), E17(37), E18AD(10), E19AD(38), E21(40) |
25
|
Assess and record the volume and appearance of the drains every 30 minutes to 1 hour for the first 3 to 4 hours after surgery. |
E4(24) |
26
|
Inform the medical team immediately if there is a sudden increase in blood drainage volume (drainage greater than 100ml/h), except in the first 3 hours after surgery. |
E7(27), E8(28), E9(29), E16(36) |
27
|
Keep the drainage tube free of kinks, avoiding the formation of a dependent loop; if this is unavoidable, lift the tube every 15 minutes. |
E1(21), E3(23), E4(24), E7(27), E8(28), E9(29), E10AD(30), E16(36), E18AD(10) |
28
|
Observe for air infiltration around the tube insertion (subcutaneous emphysema). |
E2(22), E7(27), E9(29), E16(36) |
29
|
Observe for fluid oscillation along the length of the drainage tube, indicating that the system is working properly. |
E4(24), E7(27), E9(29), E16(36), E18AD(10), E20AD(39), E21(40) |
30
|
Observe for bubbling, which should be slight, and notify the medical team if there is excessive or sudden bubbling. |
E4(24), E7(27), E8(28), E9(29), E10AD(30), E12AD(32), E13(33), E18AD(10), E20AD(39), E21(40) |
31
|
Clamp the drains whenever the drainage bottle is positioned above the level of the patient’s chest, ensuring that the clamp remains in place for as short a time as possible. |
E4(24), E7(27), E10AD(30), E14(34), E18AD(10), E19AD(38) |
N°
|
Recommendations when inserting TD
|
Code of studies
|
32
|
Do not clamp the drainage system even during patient transportation, just keep the system below the level of the patient’s chest. |
E1(21), E7(27), E9(29), E10AD(30), E12AD(32), E13(33), E18AD(10), |
33
|
Clamp the system by hand for as short a time as possible (less than 1 minute), only to change the water seal, or clamp it with tweezers if the system is accidentally disconnected. |
E1(21), E4(24), E5(25), E8(28), E10AD(30), E13(33),E14(34), E18AD(10), E19AD(38), E20AD(39) |
34
|
Discourage the use of clamps. |
E5(25), E9(29), E10AD(30), E13(33), E18AD(10), E19AD(38) |
35
|
Change the water seal or drain bottle whenever there is a drain volume of more than 500 ml accumulated in the bottle. |
E9(29), E13(33), E14(34) |
36
|
Check the drainage rate (it should not exceed 200 mL/h in the first two to six hours). |
E10AD(30), E18AD(10) |
37
|
Check drainage routinely (every 24 hours). |
E9(28), E10AD(30), E13(33), E14(34), E20AD(39) |
38
|
Make sure that the drain is connected to the correct inlet port on the collection bottle and, in the case of a suction drain, that the suction is turned on correctly. |
E4(24), E15(36), E21(40) |
39
|
Replenish the amount of fluid in the water seal bottle whenever necessary, ensuring that the stem is submerged between 1.5 and 3.0 centimeters or, in the suction bottle, 20 centimeters, as this volume will determine the pressure being applied to the suction. |
E4(24), E9(29), E21(40) |
40
|
Keep the vacuum pressure between 10 and 20 cmH2O. |
E4(24), E9(29), E16(36) |
41
|
Change the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, indicated for patients in isolation due to the risk of aerosolization, such as SARS-CoV-2, per patient. |
E16(36) |
42
|
Educate the patient and family about what will be done, the care of the drainage system and the correct position in which the system should be held. |
E7(27), E9(29), E14(34), E17(37), E18AD(10), E21(40) |
43
|
Encourage mobilization, coughing and deep breaths to facilitate drainage. |
E4(24), E7(27), E9(29), E18AD(10), E20AD(39), E21(40) |
44
|
Change the dressing at the insertion site once a day, making sure it is clean, dry and free of odor and/or signs of infection. |
E4(24), E7(27), E13(33), E14(34), E16(36), E18AD(10), E20AD(39) |
45
|
Dress with aseptic technique, using gauze and 0.9% saline solution. |
E4(24), E9(29), E14(34), E18AD(10) |
46
|
When available, use transparent film to apply the dressing, as this reduces the risk of infection and reduces the number of dressing changes, as the dressing can be kept on for three to seven days; |
E17(37), E21(40) |
47
|
Apply a silicone-coated foam dressing with an adhesive border. |
E15(35) |
48
|
Inspect the drain insertion site daily for signs of infection and proper positioning. |
E4(24), E7(27), E9(29), E13(33), E14(34), E16(36), E20AD(39) |
49
|
Immediately cover the site with gauze and apply pressure to prevent negative inspiratory pressure from allowing air to enter the intrathoracic region if the chest tube is accidentally dislodged. Inform the doctor, organize material for reinserting the tube, reassure the patient and monitor them for signs of tension pneumothorax. |
E12AD(32) |
50
|
Massage the drain, if obstructed, with your hand to try to remove the clot or fibrin. |
E3(23), E4(24), E9(29), E10AD(30) |
51
|
Discourage milking the drain. |
E3(23), E4(24), E5(25), E9(29), E10AD(30), E12AD(32), E13(33), E19AD(38) |
52
|
Perform milking when requested by the doctor or to prevent obstruction. |
E7(27), E8(28), E12AD(32),E14(34) |
53
|
Monitor for signs of resolution of pneumothorax, hemothorax, among others; by observing the volume and appearance of the drains. |
E14(34), E18AD(10), E20AD(39) |
54
|
Apply a cold compress 20 minutes before removing the chest tube to reduce the intensity of the pain associated with removing the tube. |
E6(26) |
55
|
Administer analgesia, as prescribed by the doctor, at least 30 minutes before removing the drain. |
E1(21), E4(24), E6(26) |
56
|
Instruct the patient on how to remove the chest tube and perform the Valsalva maneuver, as well as the procedure that will be carried out. |
E2(22), E9(29) |
57
|
Prepare material for removing the drain and dressing. |
E2(22), E4(24), E7(27) |
58
|
Position the patient in a supine position with the arm raised above the head. |
E2(22) |
59
|
Apply an occlusive dressing after removing the drain. |
E2(22), E4(24) |
60
|
Monitor the wound site for signs of infection and remove the stitches seven days after removing the drain. |
E2(22), E4(24) |