Cargas de trabajo en las actividades de enfermería en hospitales universitarios

estudio cuantitativo transversal, en 361 trabajadores de enfermería de dos Hospitales Universitarios, entre los meses de noviembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Fue utilizado un instrumento con variables sociodemográficas y laborales y la Escala de Cargas de Trabajo en las Actividades de Enfermería, previamente validada. Se realizó distribución de frecuencias, medidas de posición y variabilidad y análisis de variancia y test de Tukey.

Resultados:

el constructo que presentó la mayor media del instrumento fue F3- Cargas Biológicas (0,3), evidenciando que la exposición a las cargas biológicas es muy intensa entre los trabajadores de enfermería. Las cargas de trabajo tenían una diferencia significativa con las unidades de trabajo – fisiológicas (p = 0,001), biológicas (p = 0,007), psíquicas (p = 0,042), mecánicas (p = 0,014), químicas (p = 0,001) y físicas (p = 0,001).

Conclusión:

los trabajadores identificaron la exposición a las cargas de trabajo con diferentes intensidades, evidenciando aspectos do trabajo en las instituciones de salud que aumentan o atenúan las cargas de trabajo, por medio de las actividades desarrolladas por los trabajadores de enfermería.

DESCRIPTORES
Carga de Trabajo; Enfermería; Salud Laboral; Hospitales Universitarios; Grupo de Enfermería

Variables		n	%
Hospital	H1	189	52.4
Hospital	H2	172	47.6
Sex	Female	295	81.7
Sex	Male	66	18.3
Job position	Nurse	97	26.9
	Nursing technician	233	64.5
	Nursing aid	31	8.6
Work unit	Obstetrical center	20	5.5
	Maternity	49	13.4
	Pediatric clinic	28	7.8
	Emergency care service	33	9.1
	Medical clinic unit	57	15.8
	Surgical clinic unit	31	8.6
	Surgical center	20	5.5
	General ICU	25	6.9
	Neonatal ICU	46	12.7
	Urgency and emergency network	52	14.4

Constructs	n	$\bar{X}$	DP
Construct 1 – Psychological loads	361	1.83	0.90
Q22. Excess work resulting from administrative tasks, care delivery, and teaching, research, and extension activities.	360	1.69	1.34
Q17. Lack of communication or miscommunication due to many people asking for information and difficulties communicating with the staff, students, and professors.	361	1.87	1.27
Q19. Guide and supervise the preparation of medications during the training of co-workers newly admitted to the unit, undergraduate students, or residents.	358	1.78	1.29
Q16. Perceiving and/or experiencing difficulties with teamwork, conflicts among workers, and many people in the unit (multidisciplinary teams, residents, students, and professors).	361	1.81	1.28
Q18. Living in a state of constant alertness when monitoring students performing invasive and non-invasive procedures and advising and developing research.	359	1.45	1.25
Q21. Witnessing and/or experiencing threats and psychological and/or moral violence on the part of patients, family members, or remaining health workers.	359	1.71	1.41
Q20. Experiencing tension when developing work due to inadequate staffing and intense and exhausting routines,	360	2.52	1.26
Construct 2 – Physiological loads	361	2.53	1.12
Q14. Handling excessive weight of patients, devices, and equipment.	359	2.34	1.29
Q15. Transporting patients from stretcher to bed or wheelchair, transporting patients and equipment.	360	2.60	1.30
Q12. Performing physical effort when moving patients.	356	2.71	1.24
Q13. Performing physical effort due to understaffing.	348	2.47	1.28
Construct 3 – Biological loads	361	3.00	0.95
Q11. Providing care to patients affected by microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi) and patients on contact, aerosol, or droplet precautions.	361	3.17	1.14
Q10. Contact with secretions when changing dressings, tending drains or performing oral, nasal, or tracheal aspiration.	360	2.65	1.31
Q09. Performing procedures involving contact with body fluids such as feces, urine, or amniotic fluid.	361	3.08	1.18
Q05. Wearing latex gloves to perform invasive and non-invasive procedures in patients and to handle products.	361	3.13	1.20
Construct 4 – Mechanical loads	361	0.92	0.94
Q06. Experiencing physical violence on the part of companions or patients.	354	0.79	1.15
Q07. Falling due to wet floors, imperfection, or obstacles in the circulation area.	358	0.65	1.02
Q08. Experiencing accidents such as torsions, bruises, and sprains due to overload of patients and/or equipment during handling and transportation.	361	1.35	1.23
Construct 5 – Physical loads	361	1.39	1.06
Q01. Working with poor lighting, no natural light, or in the presence of burnt-out lamps.	357	1.30	1.19
Q02. Working in poor conditions, such as limited physical space, scrapped material, inadequate waste disposal, or exposure to electric shock.	359	1.49	1.30
Construct 6 – Chemical loads	361	2.36	1.10
Q04. Preparing and administering medications such as antibiotics, chemotherapy, anesthetic gases, and antiviral agents.	361	2.00	1.40
Q03. Handing products to clean and disinfect equipment and material such as formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, soaps, peracetic acid, and alcohol.	357	2.72	1.25

Variables	Psychological loads		Physiological loads		Biological loads		Mechanical loads		Chemical loads		Physical loads
Variables	$\bar{X}$	p	$\bar{X}$	p	$\bar{X}$	p	$\bar{X}$	p	$\bar{X}$	p	$\bar{X}$	p
Job position		0.001*		0.022*		0.002*		0.149		0.001*		0.407
Nurse	2.27		2.27		2.83		1.03		1.69		1.52
Technician	1.69		2.64		3.13		0.85		2.64		1.35
Aid	1.48		2.47		2.60		1.11		2.35		1.33
Work unit		0.042*		0.001*		0.007*		0.014*		0.001*		0.001*
OB	2.06		3.16		3.07		1.35		3.12		1.25
MAT	1.82		2.63		2.88		0.62		2.34		1.14
PC	1.78		1.74		2.46		0.94		2.01		1.51
ECS	1.48		2.28		3.00		0.83		1.95		0.78
MCU	2.04		2.92		3.25		0.99		2.37		1.35
SCU	1.56		2.81		2.99		0.79		2.11		1.04
SC	1.55		2.33		2.48		0.98		1.90		1.75
G ICU	1.70		2.96		3.14		1.44		2.16		1.72
Neo ICU	1.89		1.22		3.13		0.72		2.80		1.46
UEN	2.03		3.19		3.15		1.02		2.54		1.90

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419 , 05403-000 São Paulo - SP/ Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 3061-7553, - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: reeusp@usp.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Corresponding author: Deciane Pintanela de Carvalho, Rua General Osório, s/n, 96200-190 – Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, deciane.carvalho@gmail.com