Empreendedorismo por necessidade em tempos de pandemia: A motivação empreendedora e o foco regulatório na explicação da intenção de empreender

Mesquita, Eduardo; Townsend, Tainá; Lopes, Evandro Luiz

Eduardo Mesquita ^**Corresponding author: Eduardo Mesquita du.mesq@uni9.edu.br

Eduardo Mesquita has a PhD from the Postgraduate Program in Administration (PPGA-Consumption and digital transformation) at Universidade Nove de Julho (2020). Master in Administration (Marketing) from the Postgraduate Program in Administration (PPGA) at Universidade Nove de Julho (2019). Bachelor's degree in Administration (2017), postgraduate degree in People Management (2016) and degree in Marketing (2015) from Universidade Nove de Julho. He is currently a Professor at USP / ESALQ, Senac-SP and PUC-Campinas. He also serves as Brand Research Business Unit Leader at Ilumeo - Data Science Company. Areas of interest in research in Consumer Behavior with an emphasis on: Fake News, Review (false and genuine), Regulatory focus and brand transgression. E-mail:

Conceptualization

Methodology

Software

Validation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Resources

Data Curation

Writing - Original Draf

Writing - Review & Editing

Supervision

Project administration

Funding acquisition

Centro Universitário SENAC (SENAC-SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-7401

Tainá Townsend

Tainá Townsend has a PhD from the Postgraduate Program in Administration at Universidade Nove de Julho (2022). Master from the Professional Master's Program in Administration - Project Management at Universidade Nove de Julho (2018). Specialization in Project Management and bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Universidade Nove de Julho (2016). Degree in Human Resources Administration from Universidade Nove de Julho (2012). She has experience in the Administration area, working mainly on the following topics: individual skills, industry 4.0, project management, innovation projects and CRM (Customer Relationship Management). Areas of research interest: social comparison and influence, pro-social consumption, consumer decision making, and consumer-brand relationships. E-mail:

Resources

Writing - Original Draf

Writing - Review & Editing

Visualization

Funding acquisition

Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5182-4312

Evandro Luiz Lopes

Evandro Luiz Lopes is a Full Professor in Marketing at the Federal University of São Paulo, Post-doctorate in Administration (Marketing) at the Center for Postgraduate Studies and Research in Administration (CEPEAD) at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (2016). He holds a PhD in Administration (Marketing) from the Postgraduate Program in Administration (PPGA) at Universidade Nove de Julho (2010) and a Master's in Administration (Marketing) from the same institution (2007). Between 2012 and 2019 he was Scientific Editor of the Revista Brasileira de Marketing (ReMark) / Brazilian Journal of Marketing (BJM). He is currently a Full Professor at ESPM-Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing working in the PPGA-Postgraduate Program in Administration and in the MPCC-Professional Master's Degree in Consumer Behavior, teaching the subjects of Quantitative Methods and Design and Analysis of Experiments. He also works as Adjunct Professor at EPPEN-Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios at the Federal University of São Paulo, teaching the subjects of Consumer Behavior and Marketing Research. He coordinates research projects funded by CNPq, for which he is also a Research Productivity Fellow (PQ2 / CNPq), in addition to acting as a reviewer for renowned academic journals. His research interests focus on the purchasing decision process and brand evaluation in the context of consumer behavior. E-mail:

Conceptualization

Supervision

Funding acquisition

Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2780-4215

*Corresponding author: Eduardo Mesquita du.mesq@uni9.edu.br

Conflit of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Editor-in-Chef¹ or Adjunct²:

¹ Dr. Edmundo Inácio Júnior https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0137-0778

Univ. Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP

Associate Editor:

Dra. Márcia Freire de Oliveira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-2363

Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU

Executive¹ or Assistant² Editor:

¹ Patrícia Trindade de Araújo

² Camille Guedes Melo

Translation / Proofreading:

Eliane Herrero Lopes

Constructs and scales		Source
Entrepreneurial Intention
[IE1]	I am willing to do anything to be an entrepreneur.	Nowiński and Haddoud (2019)
[IE2]	My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur.
[IE3]	I will make every effort to start and run my own company.
[IE4]	I am determined to start a company in the future.
[IE5]	I think very seriously about starting a company.
[IE6]	I firmly intend to start a company someday.
Entrepreneurial Motivation
[ME1]	I want to profit from my efforts.		Taormina and Kin-Mei Lao (2007)
[ME2]	I like having authority at work.
[ME3]	I like to control my own time at work.
Regulatory Focus (Promotion)
[FRPRO1].	In general, I care more about the success I hope to achieve in the future	Adapted from Chammas (2022)
[FRPRO2]	I always think about what to do to achieve success.
[FRPRO3]	I always wonder what to do to make my dreams come true.
[FRPRO4]	My biggest priority right now is to achieve my goals in life.
[FRPRO5]	I always think about the person I would ideally like to be in the future.
[FRPRO6].	I always imagine myself experiencing good things that could happen in my life
[FRPRO7]	I see myself as someone who is trying to achieve the “ideal self” - fulfilling my hopes, desires, and aspirations.
[FRPRO8].	All things considered, I’m much more focused on achieving success than preventing failure
[FRPRO9]	In general, I’m more concerned with achieving positive results in my life.
Regulatory Focus (Prevention)
[FRPRE1]	In general, I care more about preventing bad things from happening in my life.	Adapted from Chammas (2022)
[FRPRE2]	I feel anxious that I might not be able to fulfill my responsibilities and obligations
[FRPRE3]	I always think about the person I wouldn’t want to become in the future.
[FRPRE4]	I often worry that I may not achieve my non-material goals in life.
[FRPRE5]	I always imagine myself experiencing bad things that could happen in my life.
[FRPRE6]	I always think about what to do to avoid failing.
[FRPRE7].	In general, I’m more concerned with avoiding negative outcomes for my life
[FRPRE8]	My top priority right now is to avoid failing.
[FRPRE9]	I see myself as someone who is trying to become the “me that I should be” - fulfilling my tasks, responsibilities, and obligations.

Variables		n	%
Gender	Men	129	59.40%
	Women	88	40.60%
Schooling	High School	168	77.40%
	College education	40	18.40%
	Post-graduation	4	1.80%
Family income*	Up to R$ 1,100.00	17	7.80%
	Between R$ 1,100.00 and R$ 1,819.00	67	30.90%
	Between R$ 1,820.00 and R$ 7,278.00	111	51.20%
	Between R$ 7,279.00 and R$ 11,000.00	15	6.90%
	Over R$ 11,000.00	4	1.80%
Age	Would rather not say	30	13.80%
	Between 18 and 25 years old	131	60.30%
	Between 26 and 30 years old	30	13.80%
	Over 31 years old	13	5.90%
Work with paid activity	Yes	137	63.10%
Work with paid activity	No	76	35.0%

[1] *Corresponding author: Eduardo Mesquita du.mesq@uni9.edu.br

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Empreendedorismo por necessidade em tempos de pandemia: A motivação empreendedora e o foco regulatório na explicação da intenção de empreender

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