Política industrial, tecnonacionalismo e Indústria 4.0: a guerra tecnológica entre China e EUA

DIEGUES, ANTONIO CARLOS; ROSELINO, JOSÉ EDUARDO

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Brazilian Journal of Political Economy

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Articles • Brazil. J. Polit. Econ. 43 (1) • Jan-Mar 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572023-3247 copiar

Política industrial, tecnonacionalismo e Indústria 4.0: a guerra tecnológica entre China e EUA

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Este artigo analisa a evolução da guerra tecnológica entre China e EUA em um contexto de exacerbamento das estratégias tecnonacionalistas de desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico. Esta análise concentra-se majoritariamente na estratégia chinesa de fomento à Indústria 4.0 e nas implicações das restrições impostas pelos EUA a sua busca pelo desenvolvimento autônomo de tecnologias centrais no paradigma em gestação. Parte-se da hipótese de que tais políticas, ao impulsionarem as tecnologias características da Indústria 4.0, têm como objetivo forjar um novo paradigma tecnoeconômico e reconfigurar as bases sobre as quais se assentam a dinâmica da concorrência intercapitalista e interestatal. A principal contribuição pretendida pelo trabalho é a análise das implicações da Guerra Tecnológica entre China e EUA a partir da segmentação do paradigma tecno-econômico da Indústria 4.0 em diferentes camadas, para além do debate tradicional acerca da transição para as redes 5G.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Guerra tecnológica; tecno-nacionalismo; Indústria 4.0; política industrial; economia chinesa

	Traditional SOEs	Large companies focused on local market	Technology-based companies
Main technology strategies	Modernization at productive, technological and organizational level	Consolidation of technological catching-up, strengthening of sophisticated engineering and innovation capabilities (design and brands)	Consolidation of innovative capacity in frontier areas, with high pervasiveness and technological standards not yet established
Main instruments of industrial and technology policy	Controlled market access to avoid excessive competition, local content requirement and use of public procurement	Controlled access to international capital, public procurement, diverse requirements for joint ventures with local companies and technology transfer to them, attraction of R&D centers	Consolidation of a solid national innovation system, strong incentive to establish local technology standards, public procurement mainly in new areas and substantial availability of resources for innovation and investment in “emerging industries”
Main means of state coordination	Directly, via SASAC	Public funding as an instrument for business concentration and investment targeting	Systemic, focused on indirect coordination via National Strategic Plans in specific areas
Main means of internationalization	Traditional / access to resources, to markets, etc.	Acquisition of brands, markets and indirectly of productive and technological capabilities	Traditional / access to resources, to markets, etc.

Type of Agent ^a	Rank in 2017	Name	Number of applications
Type of Agent ^a	Rank in 2017	Name	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Companies (a)	1	HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.	2.110	3.442	3.898	3 692	4024
	2	ZTE CORPORATION	2.309	2.179	2.155	4.123	2 965
	7	BOE TECHNOLOGY GROUP CO., LTD	353	553	1.227	1.673	1.818
	13	LE HOLDINGS (BEIJING) CO. LTD.	-	-	-	9	1.397
	18	SHENZHEN CHINA STAR OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.	916	904	710	1.163	972
	28	ALIBABA GROUP HOLDING LIMITED	-	-	16	452	707
	32	TECENT TECNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED	359	1.086	981	172	560
	34	YULONG COMPUTER TELECOMMUNICATION SCIENTIFIC (SHENZHEN) CO., LTD	-	-	71	256	517
	40	GUANGDONG OPPO MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORP., LTD	-	-	27	80	474
	49	XIAOMI INC.	-	-	126	298	354
Higher Educational Institutions (b)	222(11)	SHENZHEN UNIVERSITY	-	-	29	87	108
	244 (14)	CHINA UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY	-	-	43	84	99
	272 (19)	TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY	-	-	120	84	90
	337 (27)	SOUTH CHINA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY	-	-	49	50	70
	351 (28)	PEKING UNIVERSITY	-	-	81	54	67
	362 (30)	JIANGNAN UNIVERSITY	-	-	12	37	65
	427 (35)	ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY	-	-	28	37	53
	444 (38)	ZHANGJIAGANG INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGIES SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY	-	-	18	18	51
	459 (41)	JIANGSU UNIVERSITY	-	-	9	30	50
	481 (45)	SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY	-	-	32	30	48
State Research Instit. (c)	106 (3)	CHINA ACADEMY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY	-	-	118	145	204
	320 (9)	SHENZHEN INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY	-	-	18	31	75
	749 (27)	CHINA ELETRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE	-	-	1	6	32
Total in a			6.047	8.164	9.211	11.918	13.788
Total in b			-	-	421	511	701
Total in c			-	-	137	182	311

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E-mail: cecilia.heise@bjpe.org.br

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