Hacia una soberanía y autosuficiencia alimentaria en América Latina y el Caribe: oportunidades de complementariedad agrícola

Cango, Pedro; Ramos-Martín, Jesús; Falconí, Fander

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Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural

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ARTICLE • Rev. Econ. Sociol. Rural 61 (1) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2021.251291 copiar

Hacia una soberanía y autosuficiencia alimentaria en América Latina y el Caribe: oportunidades de complementariedad agrícola

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

La autosuficiencia alimentaria es un tema político relevante en muchos países, desarrollados y en desarrollo, particularmente para satisfacer las necesidades nutricionales internas de la población y enfrentar situaciones en las que los precios de los productos básicos son inestables o cuando un país enfrenta un shock externo. Mejorar la resiliencia implica fortalecer las comunidades rurales locales para satisfacer la demanda con producción interna. Los países miembros de América Latina y el Caribe (LCN) producen suficientes alimentos para sustentar a su población y para ser uno de los mayores exportadores mundiales de alimentos. A partir de la discusión teórica y usando datos de la FAO, la investigación muestra que, existe un potencial para mejorar la soberanía alimentaria y para definir las políticas alimentarias y agrícolas a través de la complementariedad agrícola entre los países de LCN. Desviar parte del comercio actual con terceros al comercio intrarregional, para productos en los que la región tiene una ventaja comparativa, representaría que los países de LCN podrían ahorrar hasta 2.700 millones de dólares al año, es decir, 6.8% del total de las importaciones de alimentos en 2018, evitando la salida de divisas y promoviendo una mayor integración económica entre los países.

Palabras clave:
soberanía alimentaria; autosuficiencia; comercio; LCN; complementariedad; integración económica

Item groups products	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Cereals - excluding beer	87	87	93	89	87	86	87	87	84	86	90	86	83	80	80	80	79	80	81	81	81	79	83	83	84	84	85	85	81	82	78	81	80
Starchy roots	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	100	100	100	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	98	98	98	98	98
Sugar crops	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Sugar & sweeteners	99	99	99	97	94	96	98	98	97	98	100	97	98	98	97	97	98	98	98	97	96	94	95	95	93	92	92	93	93	92	91	91	91
Pulses	94	96	97	96	91	96	96	97	94	95	96	93	90	89	91	88	91	91	90	89	92	89	91	91	91	91	88	89	89	92	88	88	89
Treenuts	91	94	97	93	93	90	90	85	81	87	95	88	87	81	81	83	83	83	80	84	80	82	80	84	83	80	72	76	80	78	79	83	82
Oilcrops	95	92	98	95	96	94	93	92	91	93	98	88	91	91	91	91	91	93	94	93	93	94	94	94	94	95	94	95	95	95	95	95	93
Vegetable oils	87	90	96	90	90	91	91	89	89	88	96	88	87	89	88	89	89	89	90	90	91	91	90	90	90	90	91	91	91	90	91	92	91
Vegetables	100	100	100	100	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	98	97	98	98	98
Fruits - excluding wine	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	99	99	100	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99
Stimulants	99	100	100	98	97	97	97	97	96	96	98	95	95	93	93	94	93	93	93	91	91	89	91	90	91	90	90	91	86	87	88	83	89
Spices	81	83	89	91	86	83	84	82	76	81	83	77	65	80	79	76	75	79	76	80	84	83	78	79	82	82	81	83	70	69	65	64	62
Alcoholic beverages	99	100	100	98	97	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	98	97	97	97	97
Miscellaneous	28	17	82	82	74	68	53	18	31	50	48	22	9	-51	-42	-2	20	1	-173	-85	-89	-227	-11	27	-19	-4	-59	-97	92	93	91	94	94
Meat	97	98	100	99	99	98	98	98	98	98	100	98	97	97	96	96	96	96	96	96	96	95	96	96	96	96	96	95	95	95	94	94	94
Offals	97	96	99	93	87	92	91	91	91	93	99	92	91	91	90	90	90	91	91	91	91	90	90	89	89	89	89	90	91	91	92	91	91
Animal fats	80	79	92	87	85	79	81	79	81	81	92	81	77	78	82	80	78	79	78	79	80	79	80	79	80	83	83	86	74	74	78	78	78
Milk - excluding butter	98	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99
Eggs	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	99	99	99	99	99	99

Item groups	Imports	Exports
Cereals - Excluding Beer	48,640.7	52,529.4
Starchy Roots	1,074.7	224.4
Sugar Crops	0.03	0.1
Sugar & Sweeteners	3,074.2	26,379.9
Pulses	828.7	653.1
Treenuts	101.8	252.8
Oilcrops	9,840.8	89,890.2
Vegetable Oils	1,982.6	7,557.4
Vegetables	1,030.4	9,848.1
Fruits - Excluding Wine	1,123.2	30,188.3
Stimulants	373.4	4,398.3
Spices	91.2	222.0
Alcoholic Beverages	1,213.3	4,971.6
Miscellaneous	29.1	19.4
Meat	2,995.4	7,355.4
Offals	292.8	469.6
Animal fats	523.7	155.9
Milk - Excluding Butter	995.2	348.7
Eggs	67.6	18.4

Products groups	Antigua and Barbuda	Argentina	Bahamas	Barbados	Belize	Bolivia	Brazil	Chile	Colombia	Costa Rica	Cuba	Dominica	Ecuador	El Salvador	Grenada	Guatemala	Guyana	Honduras	Jamaica	Mexico	Nicaragua	Panama	Paraguay	Peru	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Saint Lucia	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Suriname	Trinidad and Tobago	Uruguay	Venezuela	Rest of the world
Cereals - Excluding Beer	3.3	26,119	30.8	53.7	30.1	29.7	22,951	854	7,261	1,264	881	1.5	984	1,004	19.1	1,882	41.1	1,173	492	22,907	399	714	487	4,960	2.2	11.1	29.4	20.9	262	427	845	3,889
Starchy Roots	2.0	9.5	8.8	13.2	5.3	1.3	184	115	49.8	102	17.2	1.0	7.7	11.9	1.7	28.3	11.9	13.3	21.3	302	4.8	26.9	1.6	27.8	0.99	3.0	0.59	11.0	47.4	22.1	0.50	850
Sugar Crops							0.001			0.02										0.07						0.03						0.05
Sugar & Sweeteners	5.1	118	16.7	12.2	178	6.8	20,560	72.7	380	188	1.1	0.58	7.1	661	0.14	422	86.7	217	29.1	676	589	37.0	77.3	14.4	0.12	0.09	0.59	8.2	4.7	3.4	1.9	23,306
Pulses	0.41	338	0.04	0.67	1.0	0.51	85.9	29.5	115	15.2	93.0	0.10	26.4	3.3	0.12	7.2	3.0	1.5	5.3	181	11.7	17.4	0.09	86.1	0.08	0.51	0.27	1.8	9.0	3.6	14.6	176
Treenuts	0.18	2.8	0.20	0.65	0.18	23.9	1.1	94.1	2.9	2.4	0.06	0.004	0.12	0.46	0.01	3.3	0.74	0.73	0.02	32.6	0.29	1.7	0.01	5.7	0.02	0.05	0.06	0.05	1.6	0.09	0.03	151
Oilcrops	0.20	2,437	0.56	29.0	0.33	10.1	82,638	20.1	662	314	109	0.01	2.8	1.3	0.01	13.5	0.07	0.12	1.4	6,576	50.6	42.3	1,737	262	0.05	0.06	1.7	1.8	2.7	1,322	129	80,049
Vegetable Oils	0.71	3,738	5.2	3.7	8.9	0.59	1,099	119	364	68.5	86.6	2.5	45.8	22.1	0.90	367	5.2	461	42.7	453	10.3	15.8	607	92.5	0.39	1.2	0.86	7.0	27.2	23.0	131	5,575
Vegetables	4.9	11.0	11.7	9.3	3.0	1.2	57.4	17.8	54.6	162	12.7	0.50	80.1	2.4	0.9	639	11.2	376	18.2	7,231	3.9	30.1	7.2	498	0.72	2.8	1.7	10.5	26.2	17.7	1.4	8,818
Fruits - Excluding Wine	3.4	803	18.0	10.2	111	1.1	2,920	2,740	1,918	5,206	6.5	3.7	6,483	12.2	0.13	2,711	0.25	667	1.9	3,572	128	266	2.1	1,485	0.99	9.1	0.53	39.1	11.8	65.6	5.0	29,065
Stimulants	0.41	89.0	1.1	1.5	1.0	1.4	1,709	35.0	735	70.7	0.89	0.02	282	32.9	0.89	208	1.0	344	0.79	184	135	3.4	0.20	286	0.05	0.09	0.08	0.79	2.5	4.2	0.38	4,025
Spices	0.25	2.4	0.35	0.41	0.18	0.85	67.1	3.0	2.1	1.8	1.2	0.05	1.3	0.62	0.79	28.3	0.56	0.99	0.43	2.2	0.15	0.58	0.94	35.2	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.58	1.7	0.32	0.09	131
Alcoholic Beverages	2.8	196	7.9	9.8	2.8	0.81	106	561	58.6	23.4	15.7	0.20	11.1	0.82	0.43	8.9	16.9	26.5	29.9	3,433	4.0	175	47.3	8.5	0.26	1.7	0.27	7.2	8.3	5.9	1.4	3,758
Miscellaneous	0.01	0.15	0.18	0.14	0.12	0.28	1.7	3.8	3.7	0.26	0.31	0.002	1.0	0.41	0.01	0.83	0.24	0.14	0.47	0.39	1.1	0.88	0.09	3.3	0.001	0.01	0.01	1.4	0.44	0.06	0.02	9.8
Meat	7.6	517	26.2	6.2	7.1	0.001	5,578	132	151	10.1	212	3.2	0.76	20.8	4.0	150	0.66	45.5	38.3	1,577	46.4	43.7	182	33.8	3.2	11.6	9.7	20.5	33.6	327	5.7	4,360
Offals	0.30	95.5	0.69	0.39	0.02	0.17	209	29.9	5.2	1.8	4.8	0.11	0.37	1.0	0.07	2.2	0.04	2.2	6.6	229	5.0	2.9	27.7	6.8	0.07	0.60	0.15	0.05	2.6	73.1	0.30	177
Animal fats	1.0	24.8	1.0	0.59	5.9	0.54	6.1	1.5	8.8	5.8	4.5	0.07	0.55	1.6	0.15	19.7	0.89	10.3	5.3	364	1.2	3.4	4.2	2.8	0.07	0.31	0.09	1.0	4.5	54.0	0.14	368
Milk - Excluding Butter	3.5	122	7.6	6.3	6.0	1.2	5.2	37.8	27.5	7.6	20.0	0.64	0.54	13.5	2.4	20.6	8.8	15.5	11.9	608	0.65	23.3	0.37	33.6	0.80	2.6	2.2	4.4	26.1	130	2.9	647
Eggs	0.06	0.17	2.1	1.2	0.12		17.7	0.49	0.08	1.3	0.001	0.02	0.04	0.33		0.07	3.1	0.31	5.6	46.9	0.48	0.26		0.04	0.03	0.10	0.03	0.29	4.2	0.01	0.01	49.2
Total surplus or deficit	36.2	34,582	139	139	219	49.6	137,593	2,291	5,761	4,018	1,463	5.5	5,852	403	28.3	2,272	14.8	780	591	18,114	570	798	3,064	3,223	10.1	27.0	48.2	58.3	460	2,330	1,127	161,204

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http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TM... , 2021Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO. (2021). New Food Balances. Retrieved in 2021, April 19, from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data
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