SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and associated factors: a serial population-based study in Espírito Santo, Brazil, May to June 2020

Cardoso, Orlei Amaral; Gomes, Cristiana Costa; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Maciel, Ethel Leonor Noia; Alencar, Filomena Euridice Carvalho de; Almada, Gilton Luiz; Macedo, Laylla Ribeiro; Silva, Letícia Tabachi; Medeiros Junior, Nésio Fernandes de; Jabor, Pablo Medeiros; Zanotti, Raphael Lubiana; Reuter, Tania; Andrade, Vera Lucia Gomes de; Bastos, Whisllay Maciel; Zandonade, Eliana

doi:10.1590/S1679-49742022000200023

Brasil

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 31 (2) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742022000200023 linkcopy

SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and associated factors: a serial population-based study in Espírito Santo, Brazil, May to June 2020

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective: To analyze SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and association of sociodemographic and clinical aspects in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Methods: This was a serial cross-sectional study carried out in four phases, using households as the unit of analysis, from May to June 2020. Eleven municipalities were surveyed, with a sample of 4,500 households in each phase.

Results: Prevalence ranged from 2.1% (95%CI 1.7;2.5) on May 10 (first phase) to 9.6% (95%CI 8.8;10.4) on June 21 (fourth phase). In the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Region, the prevalence were 2.7% (95%CI 2.2;3.3) in the first phase, and 11.5% (95%CI 10.5;12.6) in the fourth phase; in the interior region of the state, prevalence ranged from 0.4% (95%CI 0.1;0.9) to 4.4% (95%CI 3.2;5.5) between the two phases.

Conclusion: The increase in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence found in the fourth phase highlighted the high transmission of the virus, information that can support management of the pandemic.

Keywords: Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epidemiological Surveys

Variable	Total		Test result				p-value^a
	Total		Reactive		Non-reactive
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex
Female	11,715	62.4	761	6.5	10,954	93.5	0.005
Male	7,071	37.6	387	5.5	6,684	94.5
Age group (in years)
≤ 20	1,298	6.9	75	5.8	1,223	94.2	0.028
21-40	5,638	30.1	373	6.6	5,265	93.4
41-60	6,598	35.1	424	6.4	6,174	93.6
61-80	4,648	24.7	247	5.3	4,401	94.7
≥ 81	604	3.2	29	4.8	575	95.2
Race/skin color
White	7,291	39.1	371	5.1	6,920	94.9	0.001
Mixed race	8,475	45.4	542	6.4	7,933	93.6
Black	2,650	14.2	208	7.8	2,442	92.2
Asian	183	1.0	14	7.7	169	92.3
Indigenous	49	0.3	3	6.1	46	93.9
Years of study
Illiterate	662	3.6	33	5.0	629	95.0	0.089
≤ 8	6,840	36.9	451	6.6	6,389	93.4
≥ 9	11,050	59.5	655	5.9	10,395	94.1
Number of residents in the household
1	2,190	11.7	88	4.0	2,102	96.0	0.001
2	5,064	27.0	251	5.0	4,813	95.0
3	5,012	26.6	299	6.0	4,713	94.0
4	3,812	20.3	263	6.9	3,549	93.1
≥ 5	2,706	14.4	247	9.1	2,459	90.9
Highest level of schooling in the household
Illiterate	375	2.0	15	4.0	360	96.0	0.001
Elementary education	4,608	24.5	286	6.2	4,322	93.8
High school education	7,720	41.1	568	7.4	7,152	92.6
Complete higher education	4,735	25.2	200	4.2	4,535	95.8
Incomplete higher education	1,348	7.2	79	5.9	1,269	94.1
Number of symptoms
None	11,515	61.2	349	3.0	11,166	97.0	0.001
1	2,999	16.0	165	5.5	2,834	94.5
2	1,573	8.4	125	7.9	1,448	92.1
3	901	4.8	103	11.4	798	88.6
4	1,798	9.6	406	22.6	1,392	77.4
Went to a health center
No	15,512	82.6	735	4.7	14,777	95.3	0.001
Yes	3,274	17.4	413	12.6	2,861	87.4

Variable	Crude model		Adjusted model^b
Variable	OR^a (95%CI)	p-value	OR^a (95%CI)	p-value^c
Sex
Male	1.00	0.005	1.00	0.006
Female	1.20 (1.06;1.36)		1.20 (1.05;1.36)
Age group (in years)
≤ 20	1.00	0.001	1.00	0.363
21-40	1.16 (0.89;1.49)		1.21 (0.93;1.57)
41-60	1.12 (0.87;1.44)		1.23 (0.95;1.58)
61-80	0.92 (0.70;1.19)		1.09 (0.83;1.43)
≥ 81	0.82 (0.53;1.28)		1.05 (0.67;1.64)
Race/skin color
White	0.68 (0.45;1.02)	0.001	0.69 (0.43;1.09)	0.543
Mixed race	0.87 (0.58;1.30)		0.78 (0.49;1.23)
Black	1.08 (0.71;1.64)		0.95 (0.59;1.52)
Other	1.00		1.00
Years of study
Illiterate	1.00	0.001	1.00	0.024
≤ 8	1.35 (0.94;1.93)		1.18 (0.77;1.82)
≥ 9	1.20 (0.84;1.72)		1.14 (0.73;1.77)
Number of residents in the household
1	1.00	0.001	1.00	0.001
2	1.25 (0.97;1.60)		1.26 (0.98;1.63)
3	1.52 (1.19;1.93)		1.55 (1.20;2.00)
4	1.77 (1.38;2.27)		1.79 (1.38;2.32)
≥ 5	2.40 (1.87;3.08)		2.35 (1.81;3.04)
Highest level of schooling in the household
Illiterate	1.00		1.00
Elementary education	1.59 (0.93;2.70)	0.089	1.18 (0.63;2.20)	0.652
High school education	1.91 (1.13;3.22)		1.27 (0.68;2.40)
Complete higher education	1.06 (0.62;1.81)		0.75 (0.39;1.44)
Incomplete higher education	1.49 (0.85;2.63)		1.00 (0.51;1.96)

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[TFN3] a) Pearson’s chi-square test.