Psychological violence against women practiced by intimate partners: a cross-sectional study in a rural area of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2017

Oliveira, Andrea Silveira Lourenço Aguiar de; Moreira, Laísa Rodrigues; Meucci, Rodrigo Dalke; Paludo, Simone dos Santos

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Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde

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Original Article • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 30 (4) • Jan-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000400017 copy

Psychological violence against women practiced by intimate partners: a cross-sectional study in a rural area of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2017^* * Article derived from the academic Master’s Degree dissertation entitled ‘Psychological violence against women perpetrated by intimate partners in the rural area of Rio Grande, RS’, defended by Andrea Silveira Lourenço Aguiar de Oliveira in 2020 at the Federal University of Rio Grande Postgraduate Program in Public Health.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

To estimate prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner psychological violence against women in a rural area in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2017.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional population-based study with women aged 18-49 years old and who had had an intimate partner in their lifetime. Questions from the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study were administered. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).

Results

971 women participated. Prevalence of lifetime psychological violence was 17.2% (95%CI 14.9;19.7). Those diagnosed with depression (PR=2.23 - 95%CI 1.70;2.91) and who had consumed alcohol in the last week were more likely to refer lifetime psychological violence (PR=1.53 - 95%CI 1.07;2.17). Single women were more likely to experience psychological violence than married women (PR=1.86 - 95%CI 1.32;2.63).

Conclusion

Psychological violence against woman in rural areas was related to mental health and alcohol use.

Keywords:
Violence Against Women; Intimate Partner Violence; Epidemiology; Rural Population; Cross-Sectional Studies

Characteristics	n	%
Age (years)
18-29	332	34.2
30-39	328	33.8
40-49	311	32.0
Race/skin color
White	821	85.9
Black	66	6.9
Brown	69	7.2
Schooling (years of study)
0-4	212	21.9
5-8	341	35.1
≥9	420	43.0
Marital status
Married or has partner	822	84.7
Single	103	10.6
Separated, divorced or widowed	46	4.7
Family income (quintile)
Q1 (poorest)	181	19.9
Q2	184	20.2
Q3	201	22.2
Q4	171	18.8
Q5 (wealthiest)	172	18.9
Number of children
None	15	1.8
1	313	37.6
2	295	35.5
3 or more	209	25.1
Works
No	605	62.3
Yes	366	37.7
Religious belief
No	318	32.8
Yes	652	67.2
Depression
No	710	73.2
Yes	260	26.8
Use of alcohol
No	876	90.2
Yes	95	9.8
Tobacco smoking
Never smoked	665	68.4
Former smoker	154	15.9
Smoker	152	15.7

Variável	N	%	(95% IC^a)
Insulted you or made you feel bad about yourself
No	854	88.0	(85.7;89.9)
Yes	117	12.0	(10.1;14.3)
Humiliated or belittled you in front of others
No	869	89.5	(87.4;91.3)
Yes	102	10.5	(8.7;12.6)
Did things to intimidate or scare you on purpose
No	873	89.9	(87.8;91.7)
Yes	98	10.1	(8.3;12.2)
Threatened to hurt you or someone you care about
No	877	90.5	(88.5;92.2)
Yes	92	9.5	(7.8;11.5)

Characteristics	IPPVAW^b %	Crude analysis		Adjusted analysis
Characteristics	IPPVAW^b %	PR^c (95%CI^d)	p-value	PR^c (95%CI^d)	p-value
Age (years)			0.504^e		0.691^e
18-29	18.1	1.00		1.00
30-39	17.4	0.96 (0.69;1.34)		0.97 (0.70;1.34)
40-49	16.1	0.89 (0.63;1.25)		0.93 (0.64;1.34)
Race/skin color			0.165		0.165
White	17.4	1.00		1.00
Black	10.6	0.61 (0.30;1.25)		0.61 (0.30;1.25)
Brown	23.2	1.33 (0.84;2.10)		1.33 (0.84;2.10)
Schooling (years of study)			0.341^e		0.358^e
0-4	14.2	1.00		1.00
5-8	18.5	1.31 (0.88;1.95)		1.32 (0.88;1.97)
≥9	17.7	1.25 (0.85;1.85)		1.25 (0.84;1.85)
Marital status			<0.001		<0.001
Married or has partner	15.1	1.00		1.00
Single	28.2	1.87 (1.32;2.65)		1.86 (1.32;2.63)
Separated, divorced or widowed	30.4	2.02 (1.27;3.22)		1.96 (1.23;3.13)
Family income (quintile)			0.188^e		0.603^e
Q1 (poorest)	22.7	1.34 (0.88;2.06)		1.10 (0.68;1.76)
Q2	15.2	0.90 (0.56;1.45)		0.90 (0.53;1.54)
Q3	16.9	1.00 (0.64;1.58)		0.96 (0.58;1.59)
Q4	14.6	0.87 (0.53;1.42)		0.85 (0.50;1.46)
Q5 (wealthiest)	16.9	1.00		1.00
Number of children			0.910^e		0.558^e
None	13.3	0.70 (0.19;2.61)		0.57 (0.14;2.31)
1	18.5	0.97 (0.67;1.39)		0.90 (0.62;1.31)
2	14.6	0.76 (0.51;1.13)		0.77 (0.52;1.14)
3 or more	19.1	1.00		1.00
Works			0.606		0.892
No	17.7	1.00		1.00
Yes	16.4	0.93 (0.69;1.24)		0.98 (0.70;1.36)
Religious belief			0.393		0.303
No	15.7	1.00		1.00
Yes	17.9	1.14 (0.84;1.55)		1.17 (0.87;1.57)
Depression			<0.001		<0.001
No	13.0	1.00		1.00
Yes	28.9	2.23 (1.70;2.92)		2.23 (1.70;2.91)
Use of alcohol			0.023		0.018
No	16.3	1.00		1.00
Yes	25.3	1.55 (1.06;2.26)		1.53 (1.07;2.17)
Tobacco smoking			0.298		0.599
Never smoked	15.9	1.00		1.00
Former smoker	19.5	1.22 (0.85;1.76)		1.12 (0.79;1.59)
Smoker	20.4	1.28 (0.89;1.83)		1.18 (0.83;1.66)

Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente - Ministério da Saúde do Brasil SRTVN Quadra 701, Via W5 Norte, Lote D, Edifício P0700, CEP: 70719-040, +55 61 3315-3464, Fax: +55 61 3315-3464 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: ress.svs@gmail.com

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[1] Correspondence:
Andrea Silveira Lourenço Aguiar de Oliveira - Rua General Telles, No. 922, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. CEP: 96010-310. E-mail: andrea.psicofurg@hotmail.com