Acharya B, Subedi K, Acharya P, Ghimire S. (2021) Nepal2020. Acharya B, Subedi K, Acharya P, Ghimire S. Association between COVID-19 pandemic and the suicide rates in Nepal. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262958. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262958
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.026...
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Identify the impacts of the pandemic on suicides by gender and province. |
24,350 adults |
Self-developed form |
Between July 2017 and June 2021, 24,350 people committed suicide in Nepal, among which approximately 58% were male and 42% were female. The average annual suicide rate over the four-year study window was 21.3 per 100,000. Men had a higher suicide rate (26.9 per 100,000) than women (16.5 per 100,000). The number of suicides showed substantial seasonal variation with monthly suicide numbers ranging from 368 to 569, 413 to 604, and 394 to 838 in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. There was an annual increase in the suicide rate from 2019 to 2020 (5898 to 6968 suicides - 16% increase), which is three times higher than an annual increase in the suicide rate from 2018 to 2019 (between 5509 to 5898 suicides - increase of 5%). Every pandemic month except April and May 2020 and February and March 2021 had a significantly higher suicide rate compared to the same months in 2019. Compared to the same month in 2019, July 2020 had the highest increase in the suicide rate with an increase of 55% (IRR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.39 - 1.73), followed by June 2020 (IRR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.20 - 1.48). |
6 |
Fitzpatrick KM, Harris C, Drawve G. (202021. Fitzpatrick KM, Harris C, Drawve G. How bad is it? suicidality in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2020;50(6):1241-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12655
https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12655...
) USA2121. Fitzpatrick KM, Harris C, Drawve G. How bad is it? suicidality in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2020;50(6):1241-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12655
https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12655...
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Examine the association between social vulnerability, individual and social/psychological resources risk caused by the COVID-19 pandemic with suicide among adults |
10,368 adults |
SBQ‡ CES-D§
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Black, Hispanic, people born outside the United States, being single and with children had higher scores on the SBQ compared to native Americans (p<0.000), which represents a higher suicide risk. |
8 |
Bryan CJ, Bryan AO, Baker JC. (202022. Bryan CJ, Bryan AO, Baker JC. Associations among state-level physical distancing measures and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among U.S. adults during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide Life Threat Behav . 2020;50(6):1223-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12653
https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12653...
) USA2222. Bryan CJ, Bryan AO, Baker JC. Associations among state-level physical distancing measures and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among U.S. adults during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide Life Threat Behav . 2020;50(6):1223-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12653
https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12653...
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Identify the main sources of stress (depression, emotional distress, and suicidal ideation), describe mental health outcomes rates, and examine their associations among adults in the USA during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic |
10,625 adults |
SITBI* |
The probability of suicidal ideation at the beginning of the pandemic was significant, especially among those having problems with their spouse or partner (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.16-1.83, p = 0.001) and other, unspecified problems, with the law (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.31-2.62, p <0.001). Also, the probability of suicide increased significantly among those reporting fear of life-threatening illness in a close friend or family member (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.48-3.46, p < 0.001), who had unexpected bills or expenses that could not be easily paid (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.24-0.70, p = 0.001). In the subset of participants who reported suicidal ideation in the previous month (n = 489), only fear about a life-threatening illness in a close friend or family member was associated with an increased likelihood of suicide attempt (OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 2.14 - 6.99, p< 0.001). |
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Gratz KL, Tull MT, Richmond JR, Edmonds KA, Scamaldo KM, Rose JP, et al. (2020) USA2323. Gratz KL, Tull MT, Richmond JR, Edmonds KA, Scamaldo KM, Rose JP, et al. Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness explain the associations of COVID-19 social and economic consequences to suicide risk. Suicide Life Threat Behav . 2020;50(6):1140-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12654
https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12654...
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Analyze the association between social isolation related to COVID-19, job loss, feelings of frustration and loneliness with suicide risk |
500 adults |
DSI-SS** |
Job loss in the pandemic has been associated with suicide risk due to perceived overload. The overall model was significant, accounting for 29% of the variance (OR= 7, 49 95% CI = 28.62, p < 0.001). The indirect relationship between staying at home and suicide risk due to feelings of frustration and loneliness was significant, considering 12% of the variation in suicide risk (OR = 8, 491 95% CI = 8.21, p < 0.001). |
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Caballero-Domínguez CC, Jiménez-Villamizar MP, Campo-Arias A. (202024. Caballero-Domínguez CC, Jiménez-Villamizar MP, Campo-Arias A. Suicide risk during the lockdown due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Colombia. Death Stud. 2020;1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1784312
https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.17...
) Colombia 2424. Caballero-Domínguez CC, Jiménez-Villamizar MP, Campo-Arias A. Suicide risk during the lockdown due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Colombia. Death Stud. 2020;1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1784312
https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.17...
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Estimate the presence and some variables associated with the high suicide risk during COVID-19 lockdown in adults from the Colombian population. |
545 adults |
CES-D†
|
7.6% of the sample demonstrated a high suicide risk during the pandemic. Emerging adulthood (>18 years < 30 years) was significantly related to high suicide risk during the COVID-19 pandemic (OR=2.23, 95% CI = 1.21-4.12). Furthermore, association between suicide risk and people experiencing stress due to COVID-19 (OR=12.69, CI 6.32-25.68; p=0.074), depressive episodes (OR= 8.49 CI 95% = (2.58-27.99 p= 0.22) and insomnia (OR = 9.91 95% CI = (3.14-15.21 p=0.93). |
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Mejia CR, Quispe-Sancho A, Rodriguez-Alarcon JF, Casa-Valero L, Ponce-López VL, Varela-Villanueva ES, et al. (2020) Peru2525. Mejia CR, Quispe-Sancho A, Rodriguez-Alarcon JF, Casa-Valero L, Ponce-López VL, Varela-Villanueva ES, et al. Factores asociados al fatalismo ante la COVID-19 en 20 ciudades del Perú en marzo 2020. Rev Haban Cienc Méd. 2020 [citado 2020 set 8];19(2):e_3233. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2020000200015
https://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=...
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Determine the factors associated with suicide in the face of COVID-19 |
2,422 adults |
MPBS - COVID - 19** |
It was found that the older the age, the greater the chances of suicide if infected (OR=1.013 95% CI = 1.002-1.023 p= 0.014). Evangelicals had a higher propensity to commit suicide (OR =1.44 95% CI = 1.00-2.07; p = 0.048) and agnostics were the ones with the lowest rate (OR = 0.47 95% CI = 0.26- 0.84 p = 0.011). |
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Arias Molina Y, Herrero Solano Y, Cabrera Hernández Y, Chibás Guyat D, García Mederos Y, et al. (2020) Cuba2626. Arias Molina Y, Herrero Solano Y, Cabrera Hernández Y, Chibás Guyat D, García Mederos Y, et al. Manifestaciones psicológicas frente a la situación epidemiológica causada por la COVID-19. Rev Haban Cienc Méd . 2020 [citado 2020 set 8];19(supl. 1):e3350. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2020000400012
https://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=...
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Identify psychological manifestations amid the epidemiological situation caused by COVID-19 |
197 adults |
SSI††
|
Suicidal ideation was manifested in 1.52% of adults. This study demonstrated that suicidal ideation was not so high among the people surveyed, although their mental health was affected by external factors, whether due to already diagnosed disorders or mental stressors associated with the pandemic. |
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Lópes Steinmetz LC, Dutto Florio MA, Leyes CA, Fong SB, Rigalli A, Godoy JC, et al. (2021) Argentina2727. Lópes Steinmetz LC, Dutto Florio MA, Leyes CA, Fong SB, Rigalli A, Godoy JC et al. Levels and predictors of depression, anxiety, and suicidal risk during COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina: the impacts of quarantine extensions on mental health state. Psychol Health Med. 2022;27(1):13-29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1867318
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.18...
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Analyze differences in mental health status (depression, anxiety state, anxiety traits and suicide risk), during three sub-periods of lockdown (since the first lockdown extension); evaluate various relationships between each indicator of mental health status and potentially affecting factors |
1100 adults |
BDI-II‡‡ STAI§§
|
In depression, factors such as gender (female), age (younger), history of mental disorder, history of attempted suicide (having an inverse effect when absent and a direct effect when present) and longer duration of lockdowns (second/third extension and fourth extension) (F (7 and 1092) = 36.95, p-value < 0.001, Residuals: −42.89 to 39.50; AIC = 5660.25). Regarding anxiety, factors such as gender (female), age (younger), economic income (when available, has an inverse effect), history of mental disorder and history of suicide attempts (having an inverse effect when absent and a direct effect when present) (F (6 and 1093) = 75.83, p-value < 0.001, Residuals: −34.53 to 30.63; AIC = 5123.92). Anxiety traits, the minimum adequate model included the predictors: gender (female), age (younger), economic income (when available, has an inverse effect), presence of a history of mental disorder and history of suicide attempt (having an inverse effect when absent and direct effect when present) (F(6 and 1093) = 75.83, p-value < 0.001, Residuals: −34.53 to 30.63; AIC = 5123.92. Risk of suicide, the minimum adequate model included all the same predictors for anxiety traits F (6 and 1093) = 90.47, p-value < 0.001, Residuals: -38.17 to 49.69. |
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Source: Authors, 2023.