El uso de marcos fenomenológicos en la investigación en enfermería brasileña en el nivel <i>stricto sensu</i>: una visión general

Silva, Bruno Neves da; Silva, Valeria Gomes Fernandes da; Silva, Gilberto Tadeu Reis da; Motta, Maria da Graça Corso da; Souza, Nilba Lima de; Pinto, Erika Simone Galvão

Bruno Neves da Silva

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-4492

Valeria Gomes Fernandes da Silva

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-8664

Gilberto Tadeu Reis da Silva

Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem e Saúde. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-0780

Maria da Graça Corso da Motta

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Escola de Enfermagem, Departamento Materno Infantil. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-1084

Nilba Lima de Souza

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3748-370X

Erika Simone Galvão Pinto

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0205-6633

Corresponding author:
Bruno Neves da Silva E-mail: enfbneves@gmail.com

Associate editor:

Cíntia Nasi

Editor-in-chief:

Maria da Graça Oliveira Crossetti

Authorship contribution:

Formal analysis: Bruno Neves da Silva, Valeria Gomes Fernandes da Silva Conceptualization: Bruno Neves da Silva. Data curation: Bruno Neves da Silva, Valeria Gomes Fernandes da Silva. Writing - original draft: Bruno Neves da Silva, Valeria Gomes Fernandes da Silva Writing - review and editing: Gilberto Tadeu Reis da Silva, Maria da Graça Corso da Motta, Nilba Lima de Souza, Erika Simone Galvão Pinto. Methodology: Bruno Neves da Silva. Software: Bruno Neves da Silva, Valeria Gomes Fernandes da Silva. Supervision: Gilberto Tadeu Reis da Silva, Maria da Graça Corso da Motta, Nilba Lima de Souza, Erika Simone Galvão Pinto. Validation: Gilberto Tadeu Reis da Silva, Maria da Graça Corso da Motta, Nilba Lima de Souza, Erika Simone Galvão Pinto.

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

REFERENCE	LEVEL			YEAR		Theoretical premises
REFERENCE	M^*	MP^†	D^‡	Earliest	End	Theoretical premises
Buber	01	00	01	1998	2007	This author is fundamentally concerned with the idea that reflection and action, experienced and lived, logos and praxis, are co-responsible; he focuses on the meaning of human existence in all its manifestations, in a dialogical relationship permeated by ethical responsibility, in an attempt to reflect about reflection and generate a new commitment with life and lived experiences.
Frankl	14	00	06	1992	2016	This author focuses on logotherapy, a multifaceted, phenomenological, existential, and humanistic psychology school of thought that seeks to find existential meaning for each individual in their context, in their existence, understanding that the search for meaning guides the lives of beings. This school believes that the finiteness of life is one of the main aspects of human existence.
Heidegger	144	00	78	1990	2022	This author sees phenomenology as both concept and method. The question of the being represents the essence and transcends the entity, that is, transcends that which is seen when a person is looked at. He presents the Dasein, the being-there, indicating that a being only is in the ways it manifests itself, in the ways it actualizes its being-in-the-world. This characterizes the condition of a being that exists as it is conscious of its presence in the world and in time. Heidegger analyzes how the being experiences its own experiences as it becomes conscious of its state of a being-thrown-into-the-world. Nonetheless, time is a central concept in Heidegger's phenomenology, since temporality is an ontological condition required for one to understand what "being" is.
Husserl	03	00	01	2004	2014	Considered to be the main precursor of phenomenology. He advocated the elaboration of a science of lived experiences, an analysis of essence starting with a "return to things themselves", in order to reach a visualization of phenomena in their own reality, their original state. To do so, a temporary suspension (epoché) would be necessary, a suppression of convictions, judgment, and pre-conceived concepts. He believed that anything that appears to consciousness was a phenomenon, and that all consciousness was the consciousness of something.
Maffesoli	17	00	08	1995	2012	The author proposes an existentialist logic that encompasses the entire, daily, constant unveiling of daily-life history, not only that of a single moment, focusing on recurring phenomena never dealt with in their essence and uniqueness. Maffesoli highlighted the premises of a comprehensive psychology that values lived experiences that are dynamically built day after day, seeking intelligibility and understanding as intrinsic aspects of social phenomena, which are separated from natural phenomena by the concepts of intentionality and meaning.
Martins and Bicudo	10	02	01	1995	2021	The authors focus their analysis on the structure of situated phenomena, whose essence would be in descriptions (in which essences and intentionalities are located) from the subjects, which refer to lived experiences. This involves idiographic analyses, where the ideology that goes beyond ingenuous descriptions of the subject is analyzed using symbols that represent ideas; and nomothecnical, that is, related to the elaboration of laws, therefore allowing to go from a specific element to a more general one.
Max Scheler	01	00	00	2008	2008	Phenomenology is a focus for this author (not a method). It is a procedure to be used for thinking and contemplation, making its use less rigorous than Husserl's. The author emphasizes that phenomenology seeks the apprehension of phenomena through the apprehension of essences and their essential correlations in the world, stating that these are different from the contingent and empirical facts of the world.
Merleau-Ponty	62	11	27	1992	2021	Merleau-Ponty understands consciousness as perception related with the attitude of one's body, which creates senses and is the vessel of a being in the world. In addition, the author creates an interface between the concept of beingintheworld and the expression of the experiences of the body in the world, considering the body as the place where the sensible becomes something knowable, as well as a place where subjectivity manifests itself.
Patricia Benner	01	00	01	2019	2020	This author advocates for an interpretive phenomenology, representing an understanding of the practices, abilities, and daily experiences, creating a portrait of an individual in a situation, and preserving the context and meanings of the life world. The phenomena and the context where they are inserted suggest a project to interpret the world of beings. This context can be accessed by creating a dialogic relationship between experiences and practical preoccupations.
Ricoeur	10	00	02	1997	2018	The premises of studies that follow this author’stheoriesrevolve around hermeneutic ontology, hermeneutics being understood as the science of all linguistic understanding. Thus, this framework seeks to understand the meaning of the being considering their expression in the world, and the interpretation of phenomenatakes place between lived experiences and language (considered both what it says and what it hides).
Sartre	01	00	00	2008	2008	Sartre believes that the phenomenal relation between world and man is important, as areman’s actions situated in the world. The author is attentive to data that is factical in the world andbelieves that essence is preceded by existence.
Schütz	125	00	69	1993	2021	The author lays the groundwork for a sociological phenomenology, a comprehensive approach to social fact. The constitution of the daily world would be the setting where subjects live, where men continuously transform and change social structure. It encompasses the actions of subjects in the social world, based on intersubjective relations built from daily experiences.
Stein	00	00	02	2009	2009	The author attempts to analyze the experience of being as the origin of knowledge about the self, considering that the concrete existence of men is the source of their experience and recognizing that there is a spiritual individual in human beings that connects them to the world. The author addresses intersections between philosophy and religion, discussing theological issues philosophically.
Van Manen	00	00	02	2015	2019	This author discusses a phenomenology of practice, focused on the way in which human beings act and relate with people who are in the world, considering the lived experience as the starting and ending point of phenomenological research. The author brings together phenomenological, hermeneutic, and descriptive elements.

[1] Corresponding author:
Bruno Neves da Silva E-mail: enfbneves@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

El uso de marcos fenomenológicos en la investigación en enfermería brasileña en el nivel stricto sensu: una visión general

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