Tang et al. [2929 Tang K, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zheng Q, Fang R, Sun Q. Cutaneous manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A brief review. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.13528 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13528...
] |
Literature review. |
88 patients (Does not separate children and adults) |
8-84 |
They reviewed 16 studies (case reports, case series, prospective and retrospective observational studies). A total of 256 confirmed cases of COVID-19 |
Not reported |
Erythematous lesions Vesicular lesions Urticarias Livedo Petechiae - Location: Non-synthesized |
Highly variable and heterogeneous manifestations. |
Qiu et al. [2222 Qiu C, Cui C, Hautefort C, Haehner A, Zhao J, Yao Q, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as an early identifier of covid-19 in adults and children: an international multicenter study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;163(4):714-721. http://dx.doi.org/0194599820934376] |
Case Series |
161 patients (10 adolescents) |
15-17 |
Multicenter study evaluated characteristics and prevalence of olfactory and gustatory symptoms in adult and pediatric patients related to COVID-19. Three hospitals in China, 1 in France, 1 in Germany participated |
Gustatory dysfunction, hypogeusia |
Not reported |
Olfactory and / or taste disorders may represent early or isolated symptoms of COVID-19. They can serve as a useful additional screening criterion, primarily for identifying patients in the early stages of infection. |
Mak et al. [2525 Mak PQ, Chung KS, Wong JS, Shek CC, Kwan MY. Anosmia and ageusia: not an uncommon presentation of covid-19 infection in children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(8):e199-e200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002718 https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.000000000000...
] |
Case report |
3 patients |
14 15 17 |
Report 3 cases of pediatric patients with COVID-19 who had anosmia and / or ageusia |
Gustatory dysfunction, ageusia |
Not reported |
Children and adolescents with COVID-19 infection may present only anosmia or ageusia in the absence of other respiratory symptoms |
Klimach et al. [1515 Klimach A, Evans J, Stevens J, Creasey N. Rash as a presenting complaint in a child with COVID-19. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37(5):966-967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.14257 https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.14257...
] |
Case report |
1 patient |
13 |
Report 1 case of a patient (13 years old) with COVID-19 who presented cutaneous lesions located in the armpits, lower limbs and soles |
Not reported |
Multiple erythematous papular eruptions Erythematous macules associated with petechiae - Location: Foot soles and legs |
The morphology was predominantly maculopapular, but also included petechiae and annular lesions. This suggests that the professional should consider the possibility of diagnosing COVID-19 in the presence of these lesions |
Kaya et al. [1313 Kaya G, Kaya A, Saurat JH. Clinical and histopathological features and potential pathological mechanisms of skin lesions in covid-19: review of the literature. Dermatopathology. 2020;7(1):3-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology7010002 https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology...
] |
Literature review. |
57 studies (9 studies with children and adolescents, n = 48 patients) |
7,5 - 17 |
To present a review of the clinical and histopathological characteristics and the potential pathological mechanisms of skin lesions in patients with COVID-19 - from 57 studies (case reports or case series) |
Not reported |
Erythematous, multiform rash Purpuric lesions Urticarias - Location: Torso, feet Hands, elbows scalp |
The minority of patients included in the studies were children with acral lesions, papular vesicular rashes or pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome similar to Kawasaki disease |
Ortiz et al. [3030 Ortiz MS, Peñalver PR, Romero GR, Serrano MML. Lesiones cutáneas en paciente con infección por SARS-COV-2 [Skin lesions in a patient with SARS-COV-2 infection]. An Pediatr. 2020;93(2):144-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.04.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.04...
] |
Case report |
1 patient |
9 |
To report a clinical case of skin lesions (pruritic rash) associated with COVID-19 in a 9-year-old girl |
Not reported |
Erythematous micropapular rash Edematous lesions - Location: The entire surface of the body, most visible at the lower extremities, toes |
Micropapular rashes spread throughout the body |
Papa et al. [3131 Papa A, Salzano AM, Di Dato MT, Varrassi G. Images in practice: painful cutaneous vasculitis in a sars-cov-2 igg-positive child. Pain Ther. 2020;9(2):805-807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40122-020-00174-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-020-00174...
] |
Case report |
1 patient |
11 |
Report a clinical case of a child (11 years old) with foot lesions, after having observed it in 10 more patients who tested positive Sars-CoV-2, from a sample of 44,000 patients |
Not reported |
Erythematous cutaneous lesions similar to chilblains on the toes and various ulcerative lesions with nail dyschromia - Location: Feet and nails |
The child had painful vasculitic skin lesions on his/her feet |
Genovese et al. [3232 Genovese G, Colonna C, Marzano AV. Varicella-like exanthem associated with COVID-19 in an 8-year-old girl: A diagnostic clue?. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37(3):435-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.14201 https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.14201...
] |
Case report |
1 patient |
8 |
Report a clinical case of a child (8 years old) with mild systemic symptoms of chickenpox associated with COVID-19 |
Not reported |
Erythematous papules and vesicles - Location: Torso (bilaterally and symmetrically) |
Although the data does not prove that this rash is caused or is definitely associated with COVID-19, the authors suggest that papulovesicular rashes are included in the spectrum of rashes possibly associated with COVID-19 |
Marzano et al. [3333 Marzano AV, Cassano N, Genovese G, Moltrasio C, Vena GA. Cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19: a preliminary review of an emerging issue. Br J Dermatol. 2020 Sep;183(3):431-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19264 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19264...
] |
Literature review. |
33 patients (3 children) |
6 8 2 months |
Provide an overview of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19. |
Not reported |
Erythema, non-purulent maculopapular rash, urticaria, asymptomatic papulovesicular lesions, skin lesion similar to chickenpox - Location: Torso Upper and lower limbs |
Skin manifestations associated with COVID-19 can be prognostic markers that need to be studied in-depth, due to the heterogeneity of the lesions and other systemic factors involved |