Objective:
To evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy in the inactivation of Candida albicans planktonic cells, using methylene blue, 150 mg/mL, as a photosensitizer.
Methods:
Aliquots of 100 (μg/mL of the fungal suspension in a 1066. Teichert MC, Jones JW, Usacheya MN, Biel MA. Treatment of oral candidiasis with methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in an immunodeficient murine model. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93(2):155-60. doi: 10.1067/moe.2002.120051
https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.120051...
cells/mL concentration were seeded in microtiter plates with 96 wells, where the same volume of methylene blue was deposited, remaining for 5 min pre-irradiation. Then, the low power laser light was applied (wavelength: 660 nm, power: 100 mW and dose: 426 J/cm2) for 128s using a portable semiconductor laser. Control experiments were performed without illumination and in the absence of methylene blue, and another in the presence of methylene blue without illumination and with illumination, replacing the photosensitizer by saline. In each experimental condition, serial dilutions (10-11. Dai T, Arce VJB, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Blue dye and red light, a dynamic combination for prophylaxis and treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(12):5710-7. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05404-11
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05404-11...
to 1010. Munin E, Giroldo LM, Alves LP, Costa MS. Study of germ tube formation by candida albicans after photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). J Photochem Photobiol. B. 2007;88(1):16-20. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.04.011
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11. Donnely RF, Mccarron PA, Tunney MM. Antifungal photodynamic therapy. Res Microbiol. 2008;163(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.08.001
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15. Ryskova L, Buchta V, Slezak R. Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy. Cent Eur J Biol. 2010;5(4):400-406. doi: 102478/s11535-010-0032-2
16. Dai T, Fuchs BB, Coleman JJ, Prates RA, Astrakas C, Denis TG, et al. Concepts and principles of photodynamic therapy as an alternative antifungal discovery platform. Front Microbiol. 2012;3(120):1-16. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00120
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17. Silva Martins J, Junqueira JC, Faria RL, Santiago NF, Rossoni RD, Colombo CE, et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in rat experimental candidiasis: evaluation of pathogenicity factors of candida albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;111(1):71-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.08.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.0...
18. Huang L, Xuan Y, Koide Y, Zhiyebtayev T, Tanaka M, Hamblin MR. Type I and type II mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Lasers Surg Med. 2012;44(6):490-9. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22045
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19. Mang TS, Mikulski L, Sala RE. Photodynamic inactivation of normal and antifungal resistant candida species. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2010;7(2):98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.03.001
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21. Chien HF, Chen CP, Chen YC, Chang PH, Tsai T, Chen CY. The use of chitosan to enhance photodynamic inactivation against candida albicans and its drug-resistant clinical isolates. Int J Mol Sei. 2013;14(4):7.445-7.456. doi: 10.3390/ijms14047445
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22. Giroldo LM, Felipe MP, Oliveira MA, Munin E, Alves LP, Costa MS. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) with methylene blue increases membrane permeability in candida albicans. Lasers Med Sci. 2009;24(1):109-12.
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) were obtained and 25 μL aliquots were seeded in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar duplicate. After this period, the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) was determined and the data were submitted to variance analysis and Kruskal Wallis test (p <0.05).
Results:
At the concentration of 150 μg/mL, and time of 5 min incubation, the reduction was significant (p˂0.05). In the absence of irradiation, methylene blue produced no reduction in CFU/mL.
Conclusion:
Photodynamic Therapy presented antifungal effect against Candida albicans and can be used as an adjunct to conventional treatment.
Candida albicans; Methylene blue; Photochemotherapy