Terapia gênica e sua aplicabilidade na Odontologia

Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico com artigos dos últimos dez anos disponíveis em plataformas online que continham maior correlação com o temaproposto.

Resultados

Desde os anos 60 pesquisadores tentam estabelecer diretrizes para tratamentos com a terapia gênica, no entanto, somente em meados dos anos 90 o seu uso na ciência foi autorizado. A terapia gênica em odontologia tem a capacidade de alterar e melhorar geneticamente, através de células-tronco em tecidos dentais e sua associação a vetores viras recombinados, protocolos terapêuticos contra enfermidades que não tem resposta aos tratamentos convencionais.

Conclusão

A perspectiva da odontologia diante deste recurso tem sido positiva, principalmente no reestabelecimento e regeneração de tecidos em patologias pulpares, periodopatias, distúrbios ósseos, dores orofaciais entre outros. Sabe-se que esta terapia ainda requer muitas pesquisas, entretanto em um futuro próximo poderá ser um tratamento de primeira escolha e de forma segura nos ambientes hospitalares e ambulatoriais.

Termos de indexação
Terapia genética; Odontologia; Assistência odontológica

Applicability of gene therapy in Odontology
Author	Year of publication	Odontological field	Results of the studies
Ballantine et al. [1Ballantine JL, Carlson JC, Ferreira Zandoná AG, Agler C, Zeldin LP, Rozier RG, et al. Exploring the genomic basis of early childhood caries: a pilot study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018;28(2):217-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12344 https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12344... ]	2017	Cariology	Verified the source of cellular differentiation and its potential regeneration of mineralized tissue in the control of caries.
Alkharobi et al. [8Alkharobi H, Beattie J, Meade J, Devine D, El-Gendy R. Dental pulp cells isolated from teeth with superficial caries retain an inflammatory phenotype and display an enhanced matrix mineralization potential. Front Physiol. 2017;8:244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00244 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00244... ]	2018	Cariology
Madiyal et al. [9Madiyal A, Babu S, Bhat S, Hegde P, Shetty A. Applications of stem cells in dentistry: A review. Gulhane Med J 2018;60:26-29.]	2018	Salivary glands	Modulation of the inflammatory processes and salivary fluid regulation.
Lai et al. [10Lai Z, Yin H, Cabrera-Pérez J, Guimaro MC, Afione S, Michael DG, et al. Aquaporin gene therapy corrects Sjögren’s syndrome phenotype in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(20):5694-5699. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601992113 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601992113... ]	2016
Ferreira et al. [11Ferreira JNA, Zheng C, Lombaert IMA, Goldsmith CM, Cotrim AP, Symonds JM, et al. Neurturin gene therapy protects parasympathetic function to prevent irradiation-induced murine salivary gland hypofunction. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2018;9:172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2018.02.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2018.02.0... ]	2018
Potdar & Jethmalani [12Potdar PD, Jethmalani YD. Human dental pulp stem cells: applications in future regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells. 2015;7(5):839. https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.839 https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.839... ]	2015	Dentinary tissue regeneration	Accelerated differentiation of dentinary tissue from experiments with permanent teeth.
Sonoda et al. [13Sonoda S, Mei YF, Atsuta I, Danjo A, Yamaza H, Hama S, et al. Exogenous nitric oxide stimulates the odontogenic differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells. Scientific Rep. 2018;8(1):3419. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21183-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21183... ]	2018
Atalayin et al. [14Atalayin C, Tezel H, Dagci Taner K, Yavasoglu NU, Oktem G. Medium modification with bone morphogenetic protein 2 addition for odontogenic differentiation. Braz Oral Res. 2016; 30(1):e20. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0020 https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-201... ]	2016
Kornman & Polverini [15Kornman KS, Polverini PJ. Clinical application of genetics to guide prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Clin Genet. 2014;86(1):44-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge12396 https://doi.org/10.1111/cge12396... ]	2014
Sharpe [16Sharpe PT. Dental mesenchymal stem cells. Development. 2016;143(13):2273-2280. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189... ]	2016
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Aydin & Sahin [18Aydin S, ?ahin F. Stem cells derived from dental tissues. In: Turksen K. (eds) Cell biology and translational medicine. São Paulo: Springer; 2019.]	2019
Potdar & Jethmalani [12Potdar PD, Jethmalani YD. Human dental pulp stem cells: applications in future regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells. 2015;7(5):839. https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.839 https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.839... ]	2015	Root tissue regeneration	Mesenchymal cell reprogramming and differentiation of pulpal tissue.
Akbar et al. [7Akbar A, Chatra L, Shenai P, Prabhu, Veena KM, Rachana V, et al. Stem cell therapy in Dentistry. WJPPS. 2017;6(4):1970-1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20174-9003 https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20174-9003... ]	2017
Ledesma-Martínez et al. [19Ledesma-Martínez E, Mendoza-Núñez VM, Santiago-Osorio E. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp: a review. Stem Cells Int. 2016;4709572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709572 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709572... ]	2016
Sreedev et al. [20Sreedev CP, Karthick K, Mathew S, Iswarya Raju I. Regenerative endodontics: an overview. J Indian Acad Dental Spec Res. 2017;4(1):18. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiadsr.jiadsr_16_17 https://doi.org/10.4103/jiadsr.jiadsr_16... ]	2017
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Sharpe [16Sharpe PT. Dental mesenchymal stem cells. Development. 2016;143(13):2273-2280. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189... ]	2016
Anitua et al. [22Anitua E, Troya M, Zalduendo M. Progress in the use of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy. 2018;20(4):479-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.0... ]	2018
Chen et al. [23Chen FM, Gao LN, Tian BM, Zhang XY, Zhang YJ, Dong GY, et al. Treatment of periodontal intrabony defects using autologous periodontal ligament stem cells: a randomized clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016;7(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0288-1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0288-... ]	2016	Periodontal diseases	Tissue differentiation with potential of autogenous source of periodontal ligaments.
Chen et al. [24Chen W, Gao B, Hao L, Zhu G, Jules J, MacDougall MJ, et al. Gene therapy of periodontal disease by AAV-shRNA silencing of Cathepsin K by inhibiting inflammation in periodontal lesion area. J Periodontal Res. 2016 Oct;51(5):647-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12345 https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12345... ]	2016
Akbar et al. [7Akbar A, Chatra L, Shenai P, Prabhu, Veena KM, Rachana V, et al. Stem cell therapy in Dentistry. WJPPS. 2017;6(4):1970-1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20174-9003 https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20174-9003... ]	2017
Kornman & Polverini [15Kornman KS, Polverini PJ. Clinical application of genetics to guide prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Clin Genet. 2014;86(1):44-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge12396 https://doi.org/10.1111/cge12396... ]	2014
Ledesma-Martínez et al. [19Ledesma-Martínez E, Mendoza-Núñez VM, Santiago-Osorio E. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp: a review. Stem Cells Int. 2016;4709572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709572 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709572... ]	2016
Volponi et al. [21Volponi AA, Pang Y, Sharpe PT. Stem cell-based biological tooth repair and regeneration. Trends Cell Biol. 2010;20(12):715-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2010.09.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2010.09.01... ]	2010
Sharpe [16Sharpe PT. Dental mesenchymal stem cells. Development. 2016;143(13):2273-2280. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189... ]	2016
Aurrekoetxea et al. [25Aurrekoetxea M, Garcia-Gallastegui P, Irastorza I, Luzuriaga J, Uribe-Etxebarria V, Unda F, et al. Dental pulp stem cells as a multifaceted tool for bioengineering and the regeneration of craniomaxillofacial tissues. Front Physiol. 2015 Oct 16;6:289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00289... ]	2015	Bone remodeling in Orthodontics and Implantodontics	Contributing to orofacial harmony and substituting metallic implants.
Vimalakshan et al. [3 Vimalakshan I, Ajantha HB, Kumar MP. Applications of gene therapy in dentistry: a review. Drug Invention Today. 2018;10(6):969-975.]	2018
Madiyal et al. [9Madiyal A, Babu S, Bhat S, Hegde P, Shetty A. Applications of stem cells in dentistry: A review. Gulhane Med J 2018;60:26-29.]	2018
Padial-Molina et al. [26 Padial-Molina M, O’Valle F, Lanis A, Mesa F, Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Wang HL et al. Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells and novel supportive therapies for oral bone regeneration. BioMed Res Int. 2015:341327. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/341327 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/341327... ]	2015
Enezei et al. [27Enezei HH, Ahmad A, Takeuchi K, Suzuki J, Khamis MF, Razak NHA, et al. Osteoinductive Activity of Bone Scaffold Bioceramic Companied with Control Release of VEGF Protein Treated Dental stem cells as A New Concept for Bone Regeneration: Part II. J Hard Tissue Biol. 2018;27(1):69-78. https://doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.27.69 https://doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.27.69... ]	2018
Akbar et al. [7Akbar A, Chatra L, Shenai P, Prabhu, Veena KM, Rachana V, et al. Stem cell therapy in Dentistry. WJPPS. 2017;6(4):1970-1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20174-9003 https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20174-9003... ]	2017
Ledesma-Martínez et al. [19Ledesma-Martínez E, Mendoza-Núñez VM, Santiago-Osorio E. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp: a review. Stem Cells Int. 2016;4709572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709572 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709572... ]	2016
Volponi et al. [21Volponi AA, Pang Y, Sharpe PT. Stem cell-based biological tooth repair and regeneration. Trends Cell Biol. 2010;20(12):715-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2010.09.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2010.09.01... ]	2010
Sharpe [16Sharpe PT. Dental mesenchymal stem cells. Development. 2016;143(13):2273-2280. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.134189... ]	2016
Shanbhag et al. [28Shanbhag S, Suliman S, Pandis N, Stavropoulos A, Sanz M, Mustafa K. Cell therapy for orofacial bone regeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2019;46 Suppl 21:162-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13049 https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13049... ]	2016
Aczél et al. [2Aczél T, Kun J, Szőke É, Rauch T, Junttila S, Gyenesei A, et al. Transcriptional alterations in the trigeminal ganglia, nucleus and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a rat orofacial pain model. Front Mol Neurosci. 2018;11:219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00219 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00219... ]	2018	Orofacial pain	Controlling neural excitability with satisfactory response to orofacial analgesia.
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[1] Collaborators

R Batista, C Arruda, Y Tavares, T Freitas and T Araújo, data acquisition, writing and evaluation of the article. A Ramos, article evaluation and guidance.