Food diet and representations of dental caries published in a traditional brazilian newspaper

FADEL, Cristina Berger; HAMPF, Maria Augusta; LEANDRO, José Augusto; ZANESCO, Camila; LANGOSKI, Jean Érick; BORDIN, Danielle

doi:10.1590/1981-86372022003820210032

Brasil

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ORIGINAL • Rev Gaúch. Odontol. 70 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-86372022003820210032 linkcopy

Food diet and representations of dental caries published in a traditional brazilian newspaper

Dieta alimentar e representações da doença cárie publicadas em um tradicional jornal brasileiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective: To apprehend the representations of dental caries present in a Brazilian print media, considering different historical periods, with emphasis on the dietary factor in the issue of etiology and disease prevention.

Methods: This is a descriptive documentary research study carried out from the analysis of digitalized printed editions of Jornal do Brasil, published between 1891 and 1990, available for consultation on the electronic portal of the collection of periodicals entitled Brazilian Digital Library. For the search, the terminologies ‘cárie dentária’ and ‘cárie dental’ (both meaning dental caries) were used. The platform displays editions from pre-determined time periods. The displays were considered for all journalistic genres, composing or not the main or prominent theme. The data found were analyzed qualitatively.

Results: In total, 675 occurrences were registered with the term ‘cárie dentária’ and 33 with the term ‘cárie dental’. The representations of dental caries had multiple and complex variations. The object reconstruction process generated the categories: prevention, public policy and etiology. The topic of food diet significantly crossed the entire time span studied and remained frequently linked to tooth decay, sometimes related to the etiology, sometimes to the prevention of the disease.

Conclusion: Jornal do Brasil reflected old knowledge in the field of dentistry, added new scientific knowledge and popularized it for the readership of the written press.

Indexing terms Communications media; Dental caries; Diet; Qualitative research

Category	Subcategory	N	Registration unit	Context unit
Prevention	Toothpaste	112	Use	“Mouth hygiene requires the use of toothpaste (...) excellent preparation for tooth conservation and a fresh breath; to avoid scurvy, loose gum, tooth decay”.
Prevention	Mastication	01	Quality	“The prophylaxis of dental caries and dental pyorrhea is almost exclusively in perfect mastication”.
Public policy	Institution	04	Assistance: schoolchildren	“The São Paulo School Dental Association (Associação Paulista Dentária Escolar) was founded due to the extraordinary number of cases of dental caries among schoolchildren”.
Public policy	Request	02	Assistance: schoolchildren	“(...) appealing to the precious concurrence of our proletariat so that Child Dental Care becomes a reality as soon as possible”.
Etiology	Diet	16	Determining factor	“Much has been discussed about the numerous causes, in fact, of tooth decay. For not a small number of researchers, the influence of food is preponderant”.

Category	Subcategory	N	Registration unit	Context unit
Prevention	Mastication	01	Quality	“This friction, when properly exercised, is the best mechanical cleaning agent for the oral cavity. It prevents the formation of microbial colonies and destroys those that, by chance, have already been formed”.
	Diet	02	Milk and eggs	“To prevent tooth decay, milk and eggs should be used daily and abundantly but, for their proper leverage, sunbathing is essential”.
	Oral hygiene	43	Quality	“The only way to prevent tooth decay is to follow a rigorous method of oral prophylaxis”.
Public policy	Institution (creation)	14	Assistance: schoolchildren	“Considering tooth decay as a real social scourge (...). Understanding the deep scope of a perfect dental service and having to fill some vacancies in public schools, the Municipal Department of Education ordered the opening of a public sector recruitment examination in which 48 dental surgeons were classified”.
Etiology	Diet	06	Low Ca content	“Therefore, tooth decay could depend on hitherto known causes: lack of calcium in food”.
	Saliva	02	Teeth	“Although it is considered a defense element, existing in the oral environment, the action of saliva on teeth can also favor, in some cases, the formation of the caries process”.
	Erosion	01	Teeth	“That’s how erosion is another open door for caries microbes (...)”.
	Microbiology	29	Teeth	“In fact, oral polymicrobial diseases directly influence the beginning and evolution of the caries process”.
	Associated factors	02	Rickets	“(...) because tooth decay finds in rickets a very favorable predisposing factor for its development”.
		04	Parathyroid gland	“Therefore, tooth decay could depend on hitherto known causes: parathyroid gland diseases...”
		19	Society	“Dental caries is a disease of all climates and all races. It was not known in primitive times when men lived by the law of nature”.

Category	Subcategory	N	Registration unit	Context unit
Prevention	Fluorides	04	Topical	“It was concluded that four topical applications of a 1% to 2% sodium fluoride solution, at intervals of a certain period of time, and carried out after previous cleaning of the dentures, prevent tooth decay in a proportion equivalent to 40%”.
	Fluorides	21	Public water supply (systemic)	“Whereas water fluoridation does not inhibit tooth decay, at least it prevents it”.
	Acids	01	Mouth	“Fermentation acids in the mouth can prevent cavities instead of causing them”.
	Magnesium milk	05	Use	“Magnesium milk neutralizes oral acidity and coats the teeth with a protective alkaline layer and prevents tooth decay”.
Public policy	Institution (creation)	02	Prevention: topical fluoride	“Adoption of the systematization of the topical application of 2% sodium fluoride in children enrolled in the Dental Service of the Municipal Department of Children and Adolescents, aiming at the prophylaxis of dental caries”.
		01	Prevention: public water supply	“The first water fluoridation service in Brazil opens today in Baixo Guandú, State of Espírito Santo”.
		09	Prevention: campaign	“I will highlight the official support that will be given to private campaigns in favor of prophylaxis and treatment of dental caries”.
Public policy	Request (creation)	01	Legislative Bill: Practical Dentist	“Congressman Pedroso Júnior, educated as he is, naturally thought that Brazil would benefit if the government allowed an expansion of the license for the practice of dental science by pseudo-professionals (...) so that the results reach the desired point: that of prophylaxis of tooth decay and other infections”.
Public policy	Request (creation)	02	Legislative Bill: Sodium Chloride	“The project under the title of ‘Minister Mário Pinotti demands sodium chloride in the salt to prevent caries’”.
Etiology	Diet	06	Low vitamin D content	“Lack of vitamin D in the diet is the most important cause of tooth decay”.
	Diet	02	Sucrose	“Candy: tooth decay’s greatest friend”.
	Oral acidity	02	Association	“Everyone talks about oral acidity; however, this should not be attributed solely to dental caries (...), but should consider it”.
	Microbiology	04	Research	“(...) a new method has been announced for isolating microorganisms that appear to be causes of tooth decay”.

Category	Subcategory	N	Registration unit	Context unit
Prevention	Vitamins and fluoride	01	Associated factor	“Calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B12 and fluorine – an important element in preventing tooth decay – form some of the nutritional properties to be enjoyed by those who drink their mug of beer (...)”.
	Diet	28	Quality and Frequency	Advising people to eat properly and at the right times (...) and to avoid giving candy and sweets to children to prevent tooth decay”.
	Oral hygiene	12	Frequency	“It was concluded that, in the prevention of tooth decay, the following 10 items are of major importance: 2^nd Brush your teeth after each meal”.
	Fluorides	07	Topical	“The reminder is from dentist Jozy Calanzs, warning parents that the application of fluoride once a year reduces by 40% the incidence of tooth decay”.
	Fluorides	01	Systemic (tea)	“In the 20^th century, tea proved that it has a certain number of qualities (...) a preventive action against tooth decay due to fluoride salts”.
	Assistance	32	Children	“A habit that should be established: taking children to the dentist every six months. (...) Before toothache prevents the child from eating, and their parents from sleeping, going to the dentist is still the simplest (and exact) measure. The number of children who are taken to the dental office at an advanced stage of tooth decay is really frightening”.
Public policy	Institution (creation)	11	Assistance: schoolchildren	“In four years of administration, the government (...) has administered dental caries treatment to more than 300,000 children in the schools”.
	Request (creation)	62	Prevention: public water supply fluoridation	“At the same meeting, a project by Councilman Camil Caran (...) was approved, which requires water fluoridation in Belo Horizonte ‘as an indispensable measure to reduce the incidence of tooth decay, especially in children’”.
	Request (creation)	05	Legislative Bill	“The organizer of the single federal dental bidding procedures, Leopoldo Ferreira, from the State Servant Hospital, justified, in an interview with Jornal do Brasil, why he sent the draft to create the National Dental Caries Service to the Ministry of Health, indicating that the situation of children in Brazil, in this field, ‘is simply chaotic’”.
	Absence	04	Oral Health	“And so it goes, the Ministry of Health developing institutional health campaigns on the most diverse medical issues. (...) However, no topic is related to tooth decay (...). And all of this happens, or rather, does not happen, because the Ministry of Health is very much about Medicine and little about Dentistry”.
Etiology	Acids and germs	03	Diet: quality	“Tooth decay is caused by the action of acids and germs, especially when people abuse sweets, candies, sodas and sugars”.
	Diet	04	Low protein content	“A child with a deficit of good protein grows little and poorly (...) and suffers more from tooth decay”.
	Habits	02	Society	“Caries, gum disease and malocclusion are linked, he said, to bad habits of civilization”.
	Associated factor	03	Local and systemic	“Development of dental caries is still much discussed. (...) General and local factors come into play”.

Category	Subcategory	N	Registration unit	Context unit
Prevention	Fluorides	06	Toothpaste	“(...) in the 80s, following the progress of Dentistry, fluoride was incorporated into toothpastes, becoming preventive creams for tooth decay”.
		01	Intrauterine Dentistry (pregnant women and babies)	“The benefits of fluorides may begin before babies are born if pregnant women are given fluoride tablets in the last six months of pregnancy. (...) children whose mothers had taken a fluorite pill had essentially no tooth decay for the first seven years of life”.
		11	Public water supply	“Alfredo Reis Viegas, professor of the Public Health School at USP, pointed to water fluoridation as the only way for a national preventive program to prevent tooth decay”.
	Diet	09	Quality	“A good diet, more than daily brushing and the use of fluoride, would be enough to eliminate tooth decay”.
	Intrauterine Dentistry (pregnant women and babies)	02	Assistance	“Treating one’s teeth before they even show up; or, even more: worrying about oral health from intrauterine life (...)”.
	Campaign	14	Education and Health	“The Zona Sul supermarket chain launched a health prevention program (...). With lectures and educational material, and the participation of physicians and dentists; the company clarifies and instructs its employees on issues such as AIDS and dental caries”.
	Campaign	14	Education and Health	“We propose a change in philosophy, aiming at mass preventive care. (...) Food education and hygienic habits also represent prevention of tooth decay”.
	Oral hygiene	01	Frequency	“A very simple method helped a country to eradicate caries in the population: brushing one’s teeth before and after every meal”.
	Associated factors	06	Medications and diet	“The search for health with a totalizing approach, contributing to the solution of gum problems, tooth decay and other oral manifestations, through homeopathic and herbal medicines and correct nutrition”.
Public policy	Request (creation)	03	Prevention: salt fluoridation	“The Minister of Health, Alceni Guerra, shall launch a bold program to fight against tooth decay in Brazil (...). Instead of adding fluorine to water, the minister will do so to table salt”.
	Institution	05	Prevention: public water supply fluoridation	“(...) in doing so, he will be complying with Federal Law No. 6,050 of May 24^th, 1964, a law for which we have fought so hard, closely linked to the fluoridation of all waters in the country, aiming to reduce by nearly 60% the high incidence of dental caries”.
		02	Prevention: mobile Dentistry office	“The purpose of the project is to prevent tooth decay, as defined by the Municipal Health Secretary, Hugo Tomasini. For this, 50 mobile offices were purchased, manufactured in Brasília, which are maintenance-free and fully capable of being dismantled”.
		05	Prevention: campaign	“The first National Campaign for the Prevention of Mouth Diseases, with a special focus on tooth decay”.
	Epidemiology	15	Survey	“Brazil is among the three countries with the highest rate of dental caries per inhabitant in the world, according to current data from the World Health Organization”.
Etiology	Diet	04	Sucrose	“Pure, non-counterfeit honey is a complete natural food product, generating calories at a rate of 328 per 100 grams, containing proteins, vitamin C, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, phosphorus, sulfur and other substances, such as: thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, etc., in addition to being bactericidal and with the advantage of containing only 0.1% sucrose (sugar), which, as is known, is the main cause of tooth decay”.

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[1] Note: *Fifty-five representations were not considered for the analysis.