Experimental study of concrete mixtures to produce UHPRC using sustainable brazilians materials

An experimental study is presented to produce Ultra High Performance Reinforced Concrete (UHPRC) with sustainable materials produced in Brazil. A complete factorial arrangement was defined and five controllable factors were selected based on the literature review. Cylindrical specimens were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing, with and without heat treatment. The residual deviations of the results were determined and an analysis of variance using ANOVA was applied to know the contribution of each controllable factor on the compressive strength, which reached a maximum value of 138.12 MPa. Finally, a mix design is proposed to obtain UHPRC by applying a simple manufacturing procedure using commercial materials, with which a high performance concrete can be obtained, reaching at least 70% of its strength in seven days.

Keywords:
UHPRC; sustainable; compressive strength; ANOVA

Authorship

R. R. AGUERO

Universidade Federal do Rio Grance do Sul, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil; rosangel.rojas@ufrgs.br jose.aguirre@ufrgs.br americo@ufrgs.brUniversidade Federal do Rio Grance do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grance do Sul, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil; rosangel.rojas@ufrgs.br jose.aguirre@ufrgs.br americo@ufrgs.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0776-599X

C. KORZENOWSKI

Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil; christa-korzenowski@uergs.edu.br Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do SulBrazilBento Gonçalves, RS, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil; christa-korzenowski@uergs.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-2910

J. R. Y. AGUIRRE

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-8779

A. CAMPOS FILHO

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-3010

L. C. P. da SILVA FILHO

Universidade Federal do Rio Grance do Sul, Laboratorio de Ensaios e Modelos Estruturais, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. lcarlos66@gmail.com carolinamallmann98@gmail.comUniversidade Federal do Rio Grance do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grance do Sul, Laboratorio de Ensaios e Modelos Estruturais, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. lcarlos66@gmail.com carolinamallmann98@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3703-7328

C. S. MALLMANN

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-5361

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (9)
Tables (6)

Reference	(kg/m³)						w/b	w/c	% fibers	MPa
Reference	Cement	GGBS	SF	W	Quartz	Sand				f_ck	f_ck*
Hassan [⁵[5] Hassan, A.; Jones, S.; Mahmud, G. Experimental test methods to determine the uniaxial tensile and compressive behavior of ultra-high performance ﬁber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Journal Construction and Building Materials, v.37, 2012; p.874-882. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S0950061812002322 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ]	657	418	119	0	0	1051	0.15	0.28	2	151	121
Yu [⁶[6] Yu, R.; Spiesz, P.; Brouwers, H. Mix design and properties assessment of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). Journal Cement and Concrete Research, v.56, 2014; p.29-39. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884613002275 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ]	875	0	44	0	0	1273	0.22	0.23	2.5	149	94
Habel [⁷[7] Habel, K.; Viviani, M.; Denarié, E.; Brühwiler, E. Development of the mechanical properties of an Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). Journal Cement and Concrete Research, v.36, 2006; p.1362-1370. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223459609 https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ]	1050	0	275	0	0	730	0.14	0.18	6	168	-
Yang [⁸[8] Yang, S.L.; Millard, S.G.; Soutsos, M.N.; Barnett, S.J.; Le, T.T. Influence of aggregate and curing regime on the mechanical properties of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Journal Construction and Building Materials, v.26, n.6, 2009; p.2291-2298. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0950061808003449 http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/ar... ]	657	430	119	0	0	1050	0.15	0.28	2	190	-
Bache [¹⁷[17] Bache, H. H. Densified cement ultra-fine particle-based materials. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on superplasticizers in concrete, Ottawa, Canada, 1981, p. 33. https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/DE93500154.xhtml https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/sea... ]	300	0	100	0	0	0	0.19	0.25	0	0	130
Larrad [²⁰[20] Larrard, F.; Sedran, T. Optimization of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete by the use of a packing model. Journal Cement and Concrete Research, v.24, n.1, 1994; p.997-1009. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0008884694900221 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ]	1081	0	334	0	0	813	0.14	0.18	0	238	165
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Lim [²⁴[24] Graybeal, B. Compressive behavior of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Journal ACI Materials, v.104, n.2, 2007; p.146-152. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259435679 https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ]	543	0	80	0	0	1242	0.21	0.24	1.5	121	-
Graybeal [²⁵[25] Thanh, LE. Ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete paving flags, Liverpool, 2008, PHD Thesis - University of Liverpool, 670 p. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos. 502191 http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=u... ]	710	0	230	0	210	1020	0.14	0.15	2	193	126
Thanh [²⁶[26] De Larrard, F. Concrete Mixture Proportioning: A Scientific Approach, London: E & FN Spon, 1ed, 1999, 419 p. http://d.telegchannel.com/1/10/18/2409770b-d9ab-4c65-ba02-b8a3bd71ef50.pdf http://d.telegchannel.com/1/10/18/240977... ]	657	418	119	0	0	1051	0.15	0.28	2.5	186	144
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Lampropoulos [³⁰[30] Liu, J.; Han, F.; Cui, G.; Zhang, Q.; Lv, Z.; Zhang, L.; Yang, Z. Combined effect of coarse aggregate and fiber on tensile behavior of ultra-high performance concrete. Journal Constructions and Building Materials, v.121, 2016; p.310-318. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061816307620 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ]	657	418	119	0	0	1051	0.15	0.28	3	-	-
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Kahanji [³⁵[35] Wu, Z.; Shi, C.; He, W.; Wang, D. Static and dynamic compressive properties of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with hybrid steel fiber reinforcements. Journal Cement and Concrete Composites, n.79, 2017; p.148-157. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946517301622 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ]	967	0	251	0	0	675	0.20	0.25	1	155	-
Wu [³⁶[36] Alsalman, A.; Dang, C.; Micah, W. Development of ultra-high performance concrete with locally available materials. Journal Construction and Building Materials, v.133, 2017; p.135-145. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061816319468 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ]	472	315	262	0	0	1049	0.17	0.38	2	144	98

Material	UHPRC-1	UHPRC-2	UHPRC-3
Cement	597	657	776
GGBS	537	418	179
SF	60	119	239
SS	1051	1051	1051
Superplastificante	40	40	40
Water	185	185	185

Designation	Control factor	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
A	Age of the sample	7 day	14 day	28 day
B	Maximum size GGBS	850 µm	1700 µm	1180µm
C	Type of mix	UHPRC-1	UHPRC-2	UHPRC-3
Cement:		50%	55%	65%
GGBS:		45%	35%	15%
SF:		5%	10%	20%
D	Type of curing	Without heat treatment	Without heat treatment	-

Designation	Degrees of freedom
A	2
B	2
C	2
D	1
A x B	4
A x C	4
A x D	2
B x C	4
B x D	2
C x D	2
A x B x C	8
B x C x D	4
C x D x A	4
D x A x B	4
A x B x C x D	8
Média general	1
Total	52

A	A1: 7 days
B	B1: 850 µm			B2: 1700 µm			B3: 1180 µm
C	C1	C2	C3	C1	C2	C3	C1	C2	C3
D	51	84	106	63	81	89	56	74	119
D	60	95	93	70	68	86	78	77	95
A	A2: 14 days
B	B1: 850 µm			B2: 1700 µm			B3: 1180 µm
C	C1	C2	C3	C1	C2	C3	C1	C2	C3
D	58	104	120	64	65	95	61	63	125
D	67	97	96	82	85	92	84	99	112
A	A3: 28 days
B	B1: 850 µm			B2: 1700 µm			B3: 1180 µm
C	C1	C2	C3	C1	C2	C3	C1	C2	C3
D	72	113	138	46	98	122	90	102	135
D	81	116	122	94	106	115	110	100	117

Control factor	Source	SQ	GDL	MQ	Teste F	Probability
Age of the sample	A	16521	2	8260	1481	3.1E-79
Maximum size GGBS	B	2965	2	1482	266	1.93E-42
Type of mix	C	39614	2	19807	3552	2.97E-99
Type of curing	D	639	1	639	115	1.14E-18
	AB	185	4	46	8	6.99E-06
	AC	444	4	111	20	2.61E-12
	AD	322	2	161	29	9.16E-11
	BC	5414	4	1354	243	5.27E-53
	BD	793	2	396	71	2.00E-20
	CD	6961	2	3480	624	4.58E-60
	ABC	2502	8	313	56	5.44E-35
	BCD	658	4	164	29	1.44E-16
	CDA	721	4	180	32	1.08E-17
	DAB	1426	4	356	64	1.32E-27
	ABCD	1368	8	171	31	1.59E-24
	Mistake	602	108	6	-	-
	TOTAL	81135	161	-	-	-